Abstract
Allergy constitutes a major health issue due to its large prevalence. The established therapeutic approaches (allergen avoidance, antihistamines, and corticosteroids) do not address the underlying causes of the pathology, highlighting the need for other long-term treatment options. Antigen-specific immunotherapy enables the long-term control of allergic diseases by promoting immunological tolerance to the allergen. However, efficacious immunotherapies are not available for all possible allergens, and the risk of undesired reactions during therapy remains a concern, especially in patients with severe allergic reactions. In this context, two types of therapeutic strategies appear especially promising for the future in the context of allergy: cell therapy and bio- or nano-material-based therapy. In this review, the main strategies developed this far in these two types of strategies are discussed, with several examples illustrating the different approaches.
Highlights
An allergic reaction is the useless response of the immune system toward a harmless substance and is the consequence of a failure in the development of tolerance
The proportion of Breg cell subsets within B cells was found to be lower in patients with allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma, and allergen immunotherapy enhanced the frequency of IL-10-producing antigen-specific B cells [5]
OVA-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles inhibited Th2 response and airway inflammation in mice, both prophylactically and after sensitization. These results indicate that the best option to develop nanoparticles for allergen-specific immunotherapy cific immunotherapy (AIT) is the use of biodegradable nanoparticles encapsulating the allergen
Summary
An allergic reaction is the useless response of the immune system toward a harmless substance (allergen) and is the consequence of a failure in the development of tolerance. These bio- and nano-material-based strategies we will focus on a promising ( still relatively underexplored) use of bio‐ and include approaches in which the material interacts directly with immune cells to provide a nano‐material for immunomodulation: allergy therapy. Based strategies include approaches in which the material interacts directly with immune cells to provide a therapeutic effect, as well asthe schemes which material actsfor as an a therapeutic effect, as well as schemes in which materialinacts as a the delivery system delivery system for an allergen, a drug, or a combination of both.
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