Abstract
Abstract Augustine belongs with Calvin in denying that external signs can confer grace, in contrast to the medieval view, shared by Luther, which makes sacraments efficacious external means of grace. Because they do not take them literally, Augustine contends, Christians are less burdened by external signs and sacraments than the Jews are. Unlike the medieval theologians, when Augustine speaks of the virtue of the sacrament he means not its power but the piety it signifies. Even the flesh of Christ, for instance in the Eucharist, has no life‐giving efficacy because it is external.
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