New Technological Waves Emerging in Digital Transformation: Internet of Things IoT/IoE, 5G/6G Mobile Networks and Industries 4.0/5.0

Abstract

The Internet has established itself as a “Network of Networks” and a globalized communication tool, initially enabling the connection between people themselves and between people and computers (machines). The cheapness and reduction in the size of Internet access components made it possible for simpler equipment and devices of our daily lives to also access the global network, thus creating the Internet of Things (IoT), which aims to interconnect devices/objects/things of everyday use. Intelligence and automation result from the additions of processing, memory, and communication in the objects involved and the use of access by Mobile Networks, AdHoc, and RFID. The 5G Mobile Network evolved to serve as the basis of IoT communication, due to its characteristics of Massive Use, Broadband, Low Latency (Delay), and high demand for better quality service. Aspects of architectures, multiple access techniques, and emerging technologies (massive MIMO, software-defined networking, mm-Wave) are presented historically, including 1G/2G/3G/4G/5G Mobile Networks up to the future 6G Network. Industry 4.0 is known as the fourth industrial revolution, in which we will have billions of people connected by mobile devices, with processing power, storage resources, connectivity, and access to knowledge without limits. This new wave of technology, which will include several areas: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Advanced Robotics, Internet of Things (IoT), Autonomous Vehicles, Big Data, Cloud Storage, Virtual Reality (VR)/Augmented Reality (AR), Cyber-Physical Systems, Digital Security, and 3D Printing, among others, has been increasingly incorporated by large companies as a new trend of digital transformation, enabling more security and productivity.