Abstract
The first successful living kidney transplantation occurred in 1954 when Ronald Herrick donated a kidney to his identical twin brother, Richard, at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. There was no possibility of a rejection of the kidney because the brothers were genetically identical twins. Since then, however, the field of kidney transplantation has evolved so that genetic identity or matching is no longer a necessary criterion for success. Advances in immunosuppressive drugs (and changes in attitudes toward non-directed living donation) currently allow successful kidney transplantation between donors and recipients even with a complete human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch. Despite these advances, the risk of hyperacute rejection has prohibited kidney donation and transplantation between ABO blood type incompatible donors and renal transplant candidates.
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