Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the eighth-most common cause of death among women worldwide. In the absence of distinctive symptoms in the early stages, the majority of women are diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease. Surgical debulking and systemic adjuvant chemotherapy remain the mainstays of treatment, with the development of chemoresistance in up to 75% of patients with subsequent poor treatment response and reduced survival. Therefore, there is a critical need to revisit existing, and identify potential biomarkers that could lead to the development of novel and more effective predictors for ovarian cancer diagnosis and prognosis. The capacity of these biomarkers to predict the existence, stages, and associated therapeutic efficacy of ovarian cancer would enable improvements in the early diagnosis and survival of ovarian cancer patients. This review not only highlights current evidence-based ovarian-cancer-specific prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers but also provides an update on various technologies and methods currently used to identify novel biomarkers of ovarian cancer.
Highlights
Ovarian cancer is the eighth-most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide, contributing to 300,000 new cases globally in 2018
We summarise recently discovered potential biomarkers to improve the diagnosis of, and prognosis for ovarian cancer, and revisit the clinically available biomarkers and their precision of use in the management of Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC)
Used in combination with Carbohydrate Antigen 125 (CA125) as an improved and sensitive ovarian cancer detection method estimated by measurements of the serum total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
Summary
Ovarian cancer is the eighth-most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide, contributing to 300,000 new cases globally in 2018. It will be important to establish tumour markers that could be used to diagnose cancer in the early stages in order to improve the survival of these women. High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), is the most common and aggressive form of EOC subtype and accounts for the majority of ovarian-cancer-related deaths [7]. The heterogeneity of ovarian cancer is a major obstacle in discovering novel biomarkers to aid early detection As new therapies such as Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have improved survival in women with HGSOC, in those with the BRCA mutation, the discovery of molecular biomarkers is becoming important. The keywords and terms of the major concepts for this review included ovarian cancer, ovarian signalling pathway, ovarian cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and current and/or new ovarian cancer biomarkers, which were developed and combined to form the search strategy. Used in combination with CA125 as an improved and sensitive ovarian cancer detection method estimated by measurements of the serum total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
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