Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) preparations of the chosen polyphenols (PPs) were prepared for the first time in the literature. The solubility of the PPs in the lipidic core of the LDL increased with the increase of their lipophilicity. The anti-/pro-oxidative properties and toxicity of LDL-entrapped PPs toward A 2780 human ovarian cancer cells were examined. The obtained preparations were found to be stable in PBS, and characterized by low toxicity. A binding affinity study revealed that the uptake of PP-loaded LDL particles is non-receptor-specific under experimental conditions. The antioxidative potential of the obtained PPs-doped LDL preparations was shown to be higher than for the PPs themselves, probably due to facilitating transport of LDL preparations into the cellular milieu, where they can interact with the cellular systems and change the redox status of the cell. The PPs-loaded LDL displayed the highest protective effect against Fenton-type reaction induced oxidative DNA damage.
Highlights
Polyphenols, defined as compounds exclusively derived from the shikimate/phenylpropanoid and/or the polyketide pathways, featuring more than one phenolic unit, and deprived of nitrogen-based functions, comprise a very broad group of chemicals, and are widely distributed in plant foods [1].In animals, polyphenols (PPs) are metabolized following ingestion in the stomach, small and large intestine, and liver, and are poorly available in cells in their native form [2,3]
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation in the KBr gradient from the fresh human plasma obtained from healthy volunteers, after the reduction of pathogens according to the modified method of Havel et al [26]
The three PPs, quercetin (Q), curcumin (Cur), and chlorogenic acid (CLA) (Figure 1), varying solubility were chosen for the tests
Summary
Polyphenols (PPs) are metabolized following ingestion in the stomach, small and large intestine, and liver, and are poorly available in cells in their native form [2,3]. Their regulatory and pro-oxidative action has been widely studied, and it is currently believed that PPs have beneficial antioxidant effects at low, and pro-oxidative and cytostatic effect at higher, doses [4,5,6]. 5 μM concentration, an altogether lower antioxidative effect could be seen, with a considerable reduction of Materials 2020, 13, 5106; doi:10.3390/ma13225106 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials
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