New plesiosaur records from the Lower Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin, west-central Argentina, with an updated picture of occurrences and facies relationships

Abstract

In this work new records of elasmosaurid plesiosaurs are described from the Lower Cretaceous Agrio Formation of the Neuquén Basin (west-central Argentina) and their bearing facies and taphonomic modes are analyzed. New records from both members of the upper Valanginian–Hauterivian Agrio Formation are described along with a careful revision of previous records from the Pilmatué Member. These records include the first elasmosaurids reported from the upper Hauterivian of South America. Even though the studied materials comprise solely fragmentary postcranial elements, they suggest the presence of at least two different elasmosaurid taxa. Additionally, the rarity of cervical centra with a ventral notch in the articular faces among pre-Cenomanian elasmosaurids is confirmed. In terms of plesiosaur taphonomy and bearingfacies the studied plesiosaurs from the Agrio Formation were recorded in two different taphonomic modes, 1) preservation of disarticulated but closely associated postcranial elements within dark-grey shales, that probably resulted from bloating, drifting and eventually sinking of carcasses to a muddy and calm seafloor under oxic to suboxic conditions, without further transport or physical reworking; and 2) preservation of isolated plesiosaur bones in shell beds, including mostly weathered and encrusted isolated vertebrae. These taphonomic modes are not randomly distributed in the studied marine succession, but closely follow cycles of changes in the relative sea level and can be linked to fourth-order high frequency cycles. Taphonomic mode 1 includes better preserved specimens deposited in highstand systems tract intervals subjected to higher sedimentation rate while taphonomic mode 2 is related to transgressive systems tract intervals subjected to a reduced sedimentation rate and higher time of exposure of remains on the seafloor, resulting in poorly preserved specimens.