New Perspectives on People and Forests

Democracy and Nation Formation: National Identity Change and Dual Identity in Taiwan, 1991-2011 Shiau-Chi Shen As has been the case in many newly democratized countries, the transition to democracy in Taiwan entailed nationalist competition and the aggravation of ethnic conflict. Much research has shown that national identities among the general populace have experienced radical change. The Chinese national identity no longer occupies a dominant position, while the Taiwanese national identity is rapidly rising. The popular view is that democratization provides a political space for this nascent Taiwanese identity to challenge, and eventually replace, orthodox Chinese identity. This view, however, overlooks the very important phenomenon that, especially in the stage following the democratic transition, most people held dual national identity, i.e. both Taiwanese and Chinese national identities. This phenomenon presents a puzzle to the study of national identity in Taiwan, and in general as well. Why, in the fierce confrontation between two national identities in national politics, would most people prefer to see Taiwanese and Chinese national identities as compatible and show their allegiance to both? This dissertation challenges the assumption in previous research that the nature of national identity is exclusive—that it represents an either-or choice or attitude. This assumption has led to the incorrect view that the decline of Chinese national identity and the rise of Taiwanese national identity are two sides of the same coin. Contrary to this conventional view, this study shows that the trajectory of the two identities are actually different processes which have occurred during different historical stages and in different international environments, and that they are the results of different political forces. Taiwanese national identity started to rise in the early 1990’s. Chinese national identity, however, began to decline only after 2000. The past two decades thus witnessed a great proportion of people with dual identity. This study focuses on the factors of state and politics, rather than history and ethnicity, to explain the rise of Taiwanese national identity, and also the phenomenon of dual identity. It is contended that the ethnic base of Taiwanese national identity, with its particular history and language, which has been much emphasized by many political and cultural elites, as well as scholars, constitutes only one route of nation formation. The other more important route is through political participation in the democratic regime. While democratic institutions and practices redefine the de jure territory of the state (the Republic of China), democratic citizenship provides a new base for collective self-understanding. Through participation in democratic political processes, identification with the Taiwan-wide political community is cultivated among the populace. The Taiwanese national identity engendered through this route does not challenge the ethnicity upon which the Chinese national identity is based. It thus is able to co-exist with Chinese national identity. The decline of Chinese national identity is hence not the result of the rise of Taiwanese identity, but of the rise of China. It is argued that the dominance of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in the international community along with its staunch One China Principle has removed the important component of the Republic of China (ROC) from the Chinese national identity in Taiwan. Chinese unification now means the elimination of the ROC and to be ruled by the PRC. People who have identified with the ROC no longer opt for a unified great China and hence forgo their Chinese national identity. Based on the study of the phenomenon of dual identity in Taiwan, this dissertation proposes two important theoretical findings. First, contrary to the popular view among the students of nationalism and nationalist politics, it argues that democratization mitigates rather than exacerbates identity politics. Secondly, dual identity is difficult to sustain if the larger nation pursues a state that denies political autonomy to the small nation.

This thesis explores the social identity of Chinese migrant youth schooled in Prato, a provincial town located near Florence in Italy. Chinese labour migrants began arriving in Prato in the early 1990s and have had a significant demographic, economic and social impact on the town. In just two decades, the number of Chinese in Prato has increased from about 500 to well over 12,000. Documented Chinese migrants, most of whom are from the Zhejiang Province, constitute 5.4% of Prato’s population. Chinese migrants arrived in Prato to fill a void in the local garment industry. Italian garment industry operators outsourced work to Chinese migrants because local labour was scarce, and because they provided competitive costs and services. Currently, Chinese migrants are the principal garment industry proprietors and workers in Prato. Chinese garment businesses supply local, national and global markets. Chinese business proprietors are the innovators of the pronto moda [ready-to-wear] garment production model, which is in turn responsible for their economic success. Notably, Chinese migrants live in a nation-state with a short history of immigration that is struggling to develop an official government policy to manage the settlement of third country immigrants. This study contributes to the research on the recent phenomenon of Chinese immigration to Italy as well as to Chinese migration studies subsequent to China’s 1979 open door policy, which resulted in increased mobility flows into and out of China. More specifically, it contributes to research on Chinese migrant youth identity construction. The social identity of Italian-schooled Chinese youth in Prato is influenced by their parents’ socio-economic status on arrival in Italy, the socio-economic position they have created for themselves in Italy and Italian discourses on migration. The social identity of Italian-schooled Chinese-Pratese youth is explored through an analysis of their linguistic repertoire, language practice and discursively constructed identities. An interdisciplinary theoretical framework is used to analyse data drawing on the sociocultural linguistic view that social identities are revealed through language and are intersubjectively produced by hierarchically ordered culture and society. I adopt a grounded theory approach employing discourse analysis, social identification theory, sociocultural linguistic theory and sociolinguistic theories to show that there is a nexus between language and identity. Data was taken from questionnaire responses, semi-structured interviews and informal talk among informants. Informants were mixed generation, 18+ year-old males and females in attendance at senior secondary schools in Prato. The study revealed that second and 1.75 generation Chinese migrant youth have layered, hybrid Chinese-Italian social identities. Chinese identities are locally produced and comprise Chinese diasporic identity, Chinese identity ascribed by the dominant group, and an identity which seeks affiliation with China as a global economic superpower. Italian social identities are also locally produced. However, they are self-ascribed and not ascribed by the dominant cultural group. Other identity positions are also nested within Italian-schooled Chinese migrant youth hybrid identities. Interestingly, the identities of study participants’ are not particularly marked by their parents’ cultural heritage. This study also reveals the presence of other Chinese migrant youth groups in Prato.

This article discusses how associations form professional identities and reflects on the establishment of the Journal of Western Archives. It highlights the ways in which the establishment of the journal is a manifestation of the development of a Western regional archival identity and underscores the role that individuals play in the creation of associational identities. One of the most compelling vignettes in world literature, found in Miguel de Cervantes’ classic novel Don Quijote, deals with the difficulties of establishing identity. In the novel, Don Quijote forges a new identity for himself as a valiant knight errant; he is accompanied by his neighbor Sancho Panza, whom he has made his faithful squire, as he goes on various adventures. In the incident referenced, Quijote and Panza have just come upon thirty or forty windmills. Quijote declares that the windmills are giants and that they must be vanquished before they can cause more misery and suffering. The following conversation, illustrative of the difficulty of forming a new identity, occurs. “What giants?” asked Sancho Panza. “The ones you can see over there,” answered his master, “with the huge arms, some of which are very nearly two leagues long.” “Now look, your grace,” said Sancho, “what you see over there aren’t giants, but windmills, and what seem to be arms are just their sails, that go around in the wind and turn the millstone.” “Obviously,” replied Don Quijote, “you don’t know much about adventures. Those are giants—and if you’re frightened, 1 Daines: Tilting at Windmills Published by DigitalCommons@USU, 2010 take yourself away from here and say your prayers, while I go charging into savage and unequal combat with them.” Quijote, in reality a retired country gentleman named Alonzo Quijano, is clearly deeply invested in the new identity that he is creating for himself, while Sancho Panza is struggling to adapt to his new identity as a faithful squire. Panza is far more comfortable with his former identity as Quijano’s neighbor. Over the course of the novel, Panza comes to accept the new identity that Quijano has created for him and recognize the benefits that this new identity has given him. The process of identity formation is particularly interesting to me, as I have been deeply enmeshed, over the last two decades, in the process of transitioning from an identity of a student studying to enter medical school to the identity of a professional archivist. Identity is composed of various meanings that we and others attach to ourselves. These “meanings, or self-conceptions, are based on the social roles and group memberships a person holds (social identities) as well as the personal and character traits they display, and others attribute to them, based on their conduct (personal identities).” In professional settings, identity development “often involves tailoring one’s identity to a prototypic role identity.” This is a difficult task for archivists working in the United States, as our archival identity is currently in flux. Rand Jimerson has argued that the “most striking feature of the American archival profession in recent years is its ongoing search for identity and for public acceptance as a socially significant profession.” The archival profession’s concern with identity development is not unique. Other professions have also struggled to create cohesive professional identities that are seen as socially significant by the general public. Jimerson identifies three broad manifestations of American archivists’ search for professional identity as “developing internal standards for professional recognition; enhancing the public image of archives and archivists; and strengthening the research and theoretical foundations of the profession.” 1. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Don Quijote: A New Translation, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism/ Miguel de Cervantes, trans. Burton Raffel; ed. Diana de Armas Wilson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 43–44. 2. Herminia Ibarra and Jennifer L. Petriglieri, “Identity Work and Play,” Journal of Organizational Change Management 23, no. 1 (2010), 11.

The subject of the survey connects to the monarchy time as a historical period. The monarchy-literature brought important stereotypes. This survey is connected with the examination of these stereotypes. At the approach of the academic area of the identity and the imagology I prove Lacan’s reflection- VIII theory. This work is an expose of a doctoral dissertation which is examines parallel phenomena which appear with the monarchy stereotypes. The cornerstone of this work is the interaction of the identities which strongly connects to the stereotypes. The practical examination of the above-mentioned theoretical factors is based on the contemporary Voivodinian short stories within the short stories by Herceg Janos, Juhasz Erzsebet, Lovas Ildiko, Balazs Attila, Tolnai Otto, Majoros Sandor, Nemeth Istvan, Gion Nandor, Aaron Blum, Mimics Gyula, Bencsik Orsolya es Szathma- ri Istvan. Besides it this work makes comparable glancing out the Austrian and Voivodinian literatures. On the one hand, the dissertation discusses briefly three closely related categories on theoretical level like stereotype, imagology and identity. Inside the stereotype category there is a separate chapter about the wanted-to- prove branches of the monarchy stereotypes (national, ethnic, historical, social- economic etc.). The thesis discusses the definition, the type and the development of these stereotypes. On the other hand, a brief survey of the monarchy’s historical background is offered by this work, as the leading social and communal norms, values mark the distinctive features of the separation and dissociation, which can be found in the short stories. The examination of the above-mentioned stereotypes and the appearance of the connecting ideas is written through the short stories using a comparative IX view. The survey wants to prove that the contemporary Voivodinian Hungarian short-storywriters often continue the monarchy stereotypes especially the ethnic stereotypes and the historical stereotypes originating from living together, and it tries to go round the importance of the economic stereotypes appearing in the short stories. The monarchy stereotypes which can be found among the cultures is one of the part of the survey. The text contains a picturesque form of the literature. Between the literature and the painting there is an intermediate connection, therefore in the short stories the language imagery description is shown with this the painting is placed into the field of the survey.

Veiled Threats: How Do Identity Threats Shape Muslims' Support for Terrorism?

Contents: Joandomenec Ros: Preface - Flocel Sabate: Catalonia among the Longstanding Regions of Europe - Flocel Sabate: The Medieval Roots of Catalan Identity - Antoni Simon: The Centuries Ushering in Modernity: Identity, State and Nation - Antoni Simon: Catalans and Spaniards: Two Peoples Chosen for a Single Promised Land - Ignasi Fernandez: Catholics and Catalans: Religion in Catalan Identity in the 16th and 17th Centuries - Oscar Jane: France and the Formation of Political and Social Identities in 17th Century Catalonia - Cristian Palomo: Catalan National Identity in the 18th Century: The War of the Spanish Succession and the Bourbon Regime - Jordi Casassas: The Contemporary World: A Increasingly Noticeable Distinct Identity - David Cao: Catalonia: Unique Consciousness and Collective Identity in the First Half of the 18th Century: Notes and Consideration - Giovanni C. Cattini: The Advent and Politicisation of a Unique Catalan Identity (1860-1898) - Jordi Casassas: What Made Catalonia Unique (1901-1939) - Carles Santacana: Catalan Identity in the Years of a Spanishist Dictatorship - Josep Moran/Joan Anton Rabella: The language: vehicle for transmission of Catalan Identity throughout History - Tomas de Montagut: A Survey of the Legal History of Catalonia and its Historical Rights - Xavier Barral: Architecture, Power and Identity in Medieval Catalonia: Identity-based Challenges when Recovering and Re-creating.

This thesis examines the question of the religious self-definition of the Jacobite Syrian Christian community in Kerala. The leading question is: to what extent does the indigenous narrative of that community about their religious identity differ from existing dominant historical accounts? It examines texts in Malayalam from the Jacobite Syrian Christians, particularly the unpublished 18th century Mathai Vettikkunnel manuscript, in order to investigate the narrative of their religious identity, in the context of existing scholarly discourse. During the Portuguese period, in 1599, the composite body of the undivided Syrian Christian Church was Latinized, mainly based on the allegation that they were Nestorians affiliated to the Church of the East, Nestorianism being a heresy rejected at the Council of Ephesus, in 431. The Latinization was rejected by the Syrian Christians in 1653, and the confusion that followed culminated in a schism in the Church in 1663, when two religious identities emerged: one Jacobite Syrian, and the other, Romo-Syrian. Portuguese writings asserting the Nestorianism of the Syrian Christians in the Pre-Portuguese times were re-iterated by subsequent historians, who developed the narrative that the Syrian Christians were Nestorians from the inception of their Church. These scholarly constructions continue to dominate the discourse on the subject, from Gouvea (1606), to La Croze (1724), to Hough (1839), to Neill (1984), and to Perczel (2011). This thesis is an investigation of the identity of the Jacobite Syrian Christians, and their own perceptions of their origin, doctrinal position, and ecclesiastical affiliations that had evolved up to 1599. In doing so, it critically examines a range of documents in Malayalam, in particular the account given by Mathai Vettikkunnel, a cleric from Manarcadu in Kerala, and ten primary source documents, as well as four indigenous secondary sources in the form of historical narratives, which are well-known within the Jacobite Syrian community but have rarely been used by scholars. Mathai Vettikkunnel’s text is transcribed and translated, and provided with a detailed historical commentary, with a view to tracing the narrative arc as articulated by Mathai Vettikkunnel and other Jacobite Syrian Christians with regard to their religious identity in pre-Colonial times. These accounts also form the basis for re-examining the alleged 4 Nestorian doctrinal position of the Syrian Christians in the pre-Latinization period. In examining the Jacobite Syrians’ claims that they had maintained Antiochian links from the 4th century onward until the arrival of the Portuguese, special attention is paid to three areas: firstly, the question of the alleged Nestorian beliefs of the pre-schism Syrian Christian Church; secondly the agency, period, manner of the establishment of links with Antioch claimed by the Jacobite Syrians, and thirdly, how this selfperception of the Jacobite Syrians of their identity informed their rejection of Latinization. This thesis argues that the data found in Mathai Vettikkunnel and in the corpus of indigenous literature testifies to the complexity of the Jacobite Syrian Christians’ selfperception, and that it is at variance with the early Portuguese assertions and the currently dominant view on the subject in academic writings. It argues that there is strong evidence suggesting that the connection of the Jacobite Syrians with Antioch originated as early as the 4th century, when according to their own accounts, Semitic Christians from Mesopotamia migrated to Kerala, and that it was the forging of the combined Mesopotamian-Semitic and Keralan identity that helped in maintaining its links with Antioch, and its sustained resistance to Latinisation.

Globalization and the spread of global culture coincide with the emergence of glocalization. Dialogical self theory maintains that globalization offers an increased number of others to which the ego can refer to define the self, while collective identity theory posits that it increases the potential number of ingroups and outgroups the self can identify with or distinguish itself from. The complexity of the dynamics of globalization for identity and culture, can lead to a fragmentation of self and identity, creating a need for stability often found in local identification. This qualitative study compared identity-building strategies between ordinary residents of four villages in the Western Italian Alps and active promoters of Occitan culture living in the same area. Thematic analysis of the interview transcripts revealed that the village residents rely on a deep but narrow sense of place to preserve their local identity and counteract self-fragmentation, whereas the promoters cultivate a broader interest in Occitan identity and self-perception to advance different political goals. The results highlight the different functions of local identities in the globalized world.

The physical identity in the urban areas can be considered as a concept which is influenced by the way of arranging the urban body. As a matter of fact, the appropriate coordination and the compatibility of physical components, such as the urban façades, can definitely facilitate the reorganization of the urban environment for being more identifiable; this issue is so obvious in the historical Iranian cities which have proper identities in their physical structures. Nowadays, the dominance of contradictory approaches and the absence of a convenient orientation have unfortunately produced inadequate urban façades and have annihilated the physical identity in Iranian cities. Also, the process of globalization and elimination of the cultural differences have greatly undermined the possibility of creating the traditional and contextual memories. In fact, the Iranian urban developments with the lack of comprehensive, endemic, and contextual plans and actions, increasingly decline the urban identity in any aspect and dimension. These types of flaws have specifically brought severe problems such as poor beauty, weak legibility, lack of unity, inappropriate physical integrity, etc., which eventually result in the non-identifiable and depersonalized urban bodies. Thereupon, this article needs some visual information which can intuitively assist to scrutinize the deterioration factors of the physical identity in the Iranian cities. Hence, by choosing the field study method is tried to reach some empirical investigation in order to collect the required visual information through photography. Moreover, at the end of this article is attempted to offer several solutions and arrangements for promoting the physical identity and also healing the depersonalization in Iranian cities.

Founder identity is essential in entrepreneurial decision making. A number of studies have sought to examine the relationship between founder identity and venture by taking a unilateral perspective of either social identity theory or identity theory. On the basis of an exploratory single-case study conducted with a German venture from the sustainable fashion industry, this bachelor thesis integrates both theories and explores how the synergy of a founder’s social and role identities influences core strategic decisions in new venture-creation process. The results obtained in this analysis suggest that 1) founders’ social and role identities have different yet complementary impact on the new venture-creation process, and 2) strategic decisions shaping a venture are a result of different interplays between multiple social and role identities, where either one of the identity types dominates a decision or both identities simultaneously reinforce it. My contributions broaden the understanding on the interrelation between founder and his or her venture by expanding the focus of founder identity theory to social as well as role identities. Keywords: Sustainable entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial decision making, founder identity, social identity theory, identity theory, multi-founder ventures.

By means of some socio-politic condition of the time, new Turkish Republic has been founded on nation-state ideology that emphasizes being and coming from a Turkish origin, rejecting a multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multilingual patrimony of Ottomans. In early republican period, it was envisaged that Turkish supra-identity will cover all of the people living within borders of national pact. However, it did not work as it was anticipated. Some identities have been ignored and cultural rights and demands of these particular identities have been restricted and foreclosed because of some fears and anxieties of political and military bourgeoisie on disintegration of newly-formed Turkish Republic. These restrictions have paved the way for some reactionary movements against the politics of the state in a short period and leaded up to problems with identity politics in the case of Kurdish identity as one of the most debated concepts in Turkey in 20th century. From this point of view, this study is purposed to provide a contribution to the identity debates. In this article, nationalism and othering that gave rise to transform Kurdish identity politics to today’s Kurdish issue will be elaborated.

THE IMPACT OF DUAL IDENTITIES OF COLLEGE STUDENT-ATHLETES ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE Stephen E. Knott Old Dominion University, 2016 Director: Dr. Lynn L. Ridinger Maintaining a balance between the dual roles of being both a student and an athlete can be challenging for many college student-athletes. While research has indicated identity conflicts exist for student-athletes because of these two roles, few investigations have analyzed the impact of having dual identities on academic performance. Using identity theory as a theoretical framework, this study sought to determine if relationships exist among athlete identity, student identity, and GPA. In addition, this study examined whether these relationships varied based on gender, race, year in school, major, and sport. A survey instrument that included the Academic and Athletic Identity Scale (Yukhymenko-Lescroart, 2014) was distributed to 469 studentathletes at one NCAA Division I university. Data analyses were conducted from 192 completed surveys. Results revealed a moderate positive correlation between student identity and athlete identity (r=.45, p .05). Few differences were found when examining correlations by gender, race, year in school, major, and sport. The only significant findings were differences in the correlations between student identity and athlete identity based on year in school and major. This correlation was much higher for juniors (.70) in comparison to seniors (.19). Also, the correlation between these two identities was higher for social science majors (.54) than natural science majors (.30). Results are discussed in relation to identity theory and implications for coaches and athletic academic advisors are given.

The communication design field it's considerably changed in the last 20 years and more as well as the role of the designer. Technology has modified the daily work tools and new possible relations between the designer, the commitment and the final user can be underlined. Observing some of the most experimental practices, new visual languages have draw the attention, affected by innovative approaches and mixed competencies. The area of visual identities is especially of interest, not excluding other areas of experimentations. The phenomenon of the so-called dynamic or post-logo identities underlined the possibilities of using more fluid and expressive, variable, context related, processual, performative, non-linear, consistent visual languages instead of the usual and static repetition of a logo or an imposed series of rules (Felsing, 2010). But also their contradictions in making recognizable an organization and in the visual identity daily management. An interesting evolution to be underlined is in the use of the digital tools, not anymore in a passive way but in an active way. Visual designers can build their digital tools basing them on design and esthetic needs. Innovation is in the creative process, instead of in the final result, is in the “way to live our own creativeness” as affirmed precisely by Soddu (1998). The designer is not anymore just the user of ready-made digital tools, becoming himself programmer of customized digital toolboxes by using open source codes like Processing or VVVV or hardware like Arduino. This allows to affirm that visual designers are are becoming designer-producers (Bianchini & Maffei, 2012) too, as its happening for the colleagues of the product design field. Not just a DIY attitude but something that it's changing the control knobs of a design system in all its process and development. As far as technology support is relevant, technical matters are relegated in the background on behalf of abstraction and data parametrization that means on behalf of a meta-design level. The use of programming in creative and visual communication design processes “empowers the designer, freeing he from the constraints of predefined computational tools, and promoting creative freedom in the construction of visual metaphors” (Duro, Machado, Rebelo, 2012). The aim of this paper is to argue this recent evolution in the field of visual identities and in the wider area of communication design practices. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3334

A functional central nervous system (CNS) is composed of numerous types of neurons. Neurons are derived from a limited number of multipotent neural stem cells. Previous studies have suggested three major strategies nature uses to diversify neurons: lineage identity specification that gives an individual neural stem cell distinct identity based on its position in the developing CNS; temporal identity specification that gives neurons derived from a neural stem cell distinct identities based on their birth-order within the lineage; and binary cell fate specification that gives different identities to the two sister postmitotic neurons derived from the terminal division of a common precursor. Through the combination of the three strategies, almost unlimited neuron types can be generated. To understand neuronal diversification, we have to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of each of the three strategies. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , has been an excellent model for studying neuronal diversity, mainly due to its easily traceable nervous system and an impressive collection of genetic tools. Studies in fly have provided us fundamental insights into lineage identity, temporal identity, and binary cell fate specifications. Nevertheless, previous studies mostly centered on the embryonic ventral nerve cord (VNC) because of its simpler organization. Our understanding of the generation of neuronal diversity in the fly brain is still rudimentary. In this thesis work, I focused on the mushroom body (MB) and three antennal lobe neuronal lineages, studying their neuronal diversification during postembryonic brain development. In Chapter I, I reviewed the previous studies that have built our current understanding of the neuronal diversification. In Chapter II, I showed that MB temporal identity changes are instructed by environmental cues. In Chapter III, to search for the potential factors that mediate the environmental control of the MB temporal identity changes, I silenced each of the 18 nuclear receptors (NRs) in the fly genome using RNA interference. Although I did not identify any NR important for the regulation of MB temporal identities, I found that unfulfilled is required for regulating axon guidance and for the MB neurons to acquire all major subtype-specific identities. In Chapter IV, I demonstrated that the Notch pathway and its antagonist Numb mediate binary cell fate determination in the three classical antennal lobe neuronal lineages— anterodorsal projection neuron (adPN), lateral antennal lobe (lAL), and ventral projection neuron (vPN)—in a context-dependent manner. Finally, in Chapter V, I did detailed lineage analysis for the lAL lineage, and identified four classes of local interneurons (LNs) with multiple subtypes innervating only the AL, and 44 types projection neurons (PNs) contributing to olfactory, gustatory, and auditory neural circuits. The PNs and LNs were generated simultaneously but with different tempos of temporal identity specification. I also showed that…

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