Abstract
According to the World Health Organization report published in 2016, 650 million people worldwide suffer from obesity, almost three times more than in 1975. Obesity is defined as excessive fat accumulation which may impair health with non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke), and some cancers. Despite medical advances, cardiovascular complications are still the leading causes of death arising from obesity. Excessive fat accumulation is caused by the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. The pathogenesis of this process is complex and not fully understood, but current research is focused on the role of the complex crosstalk between the central nervous system (CNS), neuroendocrine and immune system including the autonomic nervous system, adipose tissue, digestive and cardiovascular systems. Additionally, special attention has been paid to newly discovered substances: neuropeptide 26RFa, preptin, and adropin. It was shown that the above peptides are synthesized both in numerous structures of the CNS and in many peripheral organs and tissues, such as the heart, adipose tissue, and the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, particular attention has been paid to the role of the presented peptides in the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic and cardiovascular system diseases. This review summarizes the role of newly investigated peptides in the crosstalk between brain and peripheral organs in the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases.
Highlights
Obesity, according to the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American College of Endocrinology, is a chronic condition resulting in deposits of excessive fat tissue in an organism leading to increased morbidity and mortality (Garvey et al, 2014)
We focused on the pleiotropic effect of 26/43RFa, preptin, and adropin and we highlight the underlying mechanism discovered by research in recent years
The presented data obtained in recent years reveal that 26/43RFa neuropeptides, preptin, and adropin play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases
Summary
Obesity, according to the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American College of Endocrinology, is a chronic condition resulting in deposits of excessive fat tissue in an organism leading to increased morbidity and mortality (Garvey et al, 2014). Crosstalk Between Brain and Obesity obesity in the future (World Heatlh Organisation., 2016) If these secular trends continue by 2030 an estimated 20% of the world’s adult population will be obese (Kelly et al, 2008), despite many preventive interventions by the WHO. The decisive cause of obesity is a visible disproportion between caloric input and output (Garvey et al, 2014; Mohammed et al, 2018). This stems from the complex interaction of biological (genetics), environmental, and socioeconomic factors, as well as behavioral factors (Garvey et al, 2014). Weight status related to energy homeostasis, appetite control, and nutrient oxidation is controlled by the cooperation of the nervous and endocrine systems (Ghanemi et al, 2018)
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