Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This infection usually presents with upper respiratory symptoms; however, it can also present with a wide variety of other multisystem and neurological symptoms, including seizures. There are several proposed mechanisms by which COVID-19 can cause systemic signs of infections, including neurological complications and seizures.This case report describes a pediatric patient without a previously documented history of epilepsy who was admitted for new-onset focal seizures with impaired consciousness. No other cause and triggers of seizures were found, and the child was tested positive for COVID-19 infection. The patient had six electroclinical seizures during EEG. Video EEG findings showed atypical features of onset of intermittent rhythmic delta activity (IRDA) slowing over the left hemisphere with evolution/generalization of rhythmic delta/theta activity and without clear typical generalized epileptiform discharges. These EEG findings correlated with a clinical change of behavior arrest, staring, and yawning. Similar spells were reported multiple times a day prior to the admission, and past EEG was normal. A review of current literature on COVID-19 and neurological manifestations in children, including new seizures and prior diagnosis of epilepsy, is also provided in this case report.The clinical experience in children with newly diagnosed or chronic epilepsy suggests that exacerbation of seizures, especially from systemic effects such as those caused by severe COVID-19 infection, will be a major concern.
Highlights
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2). This infection usually presents with upper respiratory symptoms; it can present with a wide variety of other multisystem and neurological symptoms, including seizures
During these episodes of behavior arrest, she would yawn and these episodes were associated with the ictal EEG findings of intermittent rhythmic delta activity (IRDA) slowing over the left hemisphere with evolution/generalization of rhythmic delta/theta activity and without clear typical generalized epileptiform discharges
A diagnosis of epilepsy was not made prior to this admission months later. These staring spells increased in duration and were characterized by yawning and confusion as well as falls and loss of bladder control, and she was admitted for further evaluation
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2). A seven-year-old previously healthy child was admitted for spells of loss of awareness that lasted about 1015 seconds, which had increased in duration and frequency since onset over a year ago During these episodes of behavior arrest, she would yawn and these episodes were associated with the ictal EEG findings of intermittent rhythmic delta activity (IRDA) slowing over the left hemisphere with evolution/generalization of rhythmic delta/theta activity and without clear typical generalized epileptiform discharges. A diagnosis of epilepsy was not made prior to this admission months later These staring spells increased in duration and were characterized by yawning and confusion as well as falls and loss of bladder control, and she was admitted for further evaluation. The review of the video showed a clinical change of yawning, confusion, and behavior arrest lasting 8-10 seconds These spells were associated with loss of bladder control and loss of tone with resultant falls. On follow-up visits, the family reports intermittent seizures, which have responded to changes in medication dose with weight
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