New nanostructured carbons based on porous cellulose: Elaboration, pyrolysis and use as platinum nanoparticles substrate for oxygen reduction electrocatalysis

Abstract

New nanostructured carbons have been prepared from pyrolysis of recently developed highly porous cellulose, aerocellulose (AC). Aerocellulose is an ultra-light and highly porous pure cellulose material prepared from cellulose gels followed by drying in carbon dioxide supercritical conditions. The carbonized aerocellulose (CAC) materials were obtained after pyrolysis of the aerocellulose under nitrogen flow at 830 °C, and subsequently doped by platinum nanoparticles. The platinum insertion process consisted of (i) thermal activation at various temperatures in CO 2 atmosphere, (ii) impregnation by PtCl 6 2− and (iii) platinum salt chemical reduction. The aerocellulose materials and their carbonized counterparts were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), mercury porosimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The morphology of the platinum particles deposited on the carbonized aerocellulose materials (Pt/CAC) was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD): the Pt particles are of 4–5 nm size, mainly agglomerated, as a result of the complex surface chemistry of the CAC. Their electrocatalytic activity was investigated by quasi-steady-state voltammetry in the rotating disk electrode (RDE) setup, regarding the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The Pt/CAC materials exhibit ORR specific activities comparable with those of commercial Pt/Vulcan XC72R. Their mass activity is lower, as a result of the ca. 10 times smaller specific area of platinum as compared with the commercial electrocatalyst. We nevertheless believe that provided an appropriate pyrolysis temperature is chosen, such green carbonized aerocellulose could be a promising electrocatalyst support for PEM application.