Abstract
Accurate methods that can continuously detect low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have a huge application potential in biological, pharmaceutical, clinical and environmental analysis. Luminescent probes and nanomaterials are used for fabrication of sensors for H2O2 that can be applied for these purposes. In contrast to previous reviews focusing on the chemical design of molecular probes for H2O2, this mini-review highlights the latest luminescent nanoparticular materials and new luminescent optical sensors for H2O2 in terms of the nanomaterial composition and luminescent receptor used in the sensors. The nanomaterial section is subdivided into schemes based on gold nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles with embedded enzymes, probes showing aggregation-induced emission enhancement, quantum dots, lanthanide-based nanoparticles and carbon based nanomaterials, respectively. Moreover, the sensors are ordered according to the type of luminescent receptor used within the sensor membranes. Among them are lanthanide complexes, metal-ligand complexes, oxidic nanoparticles and organic dyes. Further, the optical sensors are confined to those that are capable to monitor the concentration of H2O2 in a sample over time or are reusable. Optical sensors responding to gaseous H2O2 are not covered. All nanomaterials and sensors are characterized with respect to the analytical reaction towards H2O2, limit of detection (LOD), analytical range, electrolyte, pH and response time/incubation time. Applications to real samples are given. Finally, we assess the suitability of the nanomaterials to be used in membrane-based sensors and discuss future trends and perspectives of these sensors in biomedical research.
Highlights
The measurement of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations is important in various points of view
The embedding of an enzyme (HRP) into a nanoparticle is combined with a lateral flow assay (LFAs) to improve the quality of signaling in LFAs when used with biological samples [16]
The rapid and sensitive LFA for quantification of H2O2 is based on Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) which is co-entrapped with Texas Red-dextran inside porous polyacrylamide NPs (Figure 4)
Summary
The measurement of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations is important in various points of view. This requires probes that optically respond to hydrogen peroxide. Those have been reviewed recently [11]. Nanomaterials represent probes that are perspective with respect to a future use in optical luminescent sensors for H2O2 for continuous measurements. While most of the nanomaterial probes are shown to be suitable for a single-use, the fabrication of an optical sensor requires considerably more knowledge in material chemistry to construct a system that works continuously and reversibly over time. We present the latest luminescent optical sensors for H2O2 in a second section of this review to open a perspective field for new applications of the nanomaterials referred to in the previous section. We briefly discuss future trends and perspectives of these sensors in biomedical and bioanalytical research
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