Abstract
Carotenoid analysis in citrus is still a challenge due to their complex carotenoid profile and matrix acidity, which can promote isomerization and epoxide-furanoid rearrangements of these compounds. A new method for carotenoid extraction from freeze-dried citrus was developed. Extraction was carried out by magnetic stirring using ethyl acetate and methanol as solvents and Na2CO3 to neutralize organic acids. Liquid-liquid partition was achieved by centrifugation. Carotenoid quantification was accomplished by both UV-Vis and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Method repeatability (2.9 to 8.5%) and recovery (82 to 88%) were similar to reported values for procedures including all the carotenoid analysis steps. In 'Valencia' orange pulp, xanthophylls accounted for 98% of the total carotenoid content and the predominant carotenoids were (9Z)-violaxanthin, (all-E)-lutein and (9Z)-antheraxanthin. This method was further applied for carotenoid analysis in freeze-dried 'Tommy Atkins' mango pulp. The developed method is precise, accurate, fast and able to maintain epoxy-carotenoids stability during analysis.
Highlights
Carotenoids are responsible for the attractive yellow to red colors of pulp from most orange varieties
Orange (Citrus sinensis) is characterized by one of the most complex carotenoid profile among fruits, owning the greatest number of carotenoids already reported for any fruit.[4,5]
Quantification was carried out using external analytical curves of‐lutein,zeaxanthin,β‐cryptoxanthin,α carotene,β‐carotene, with five concentration levels; Z isomers were quantified using the curve of the corresponding‐isomer;‐violaxanthin,antheraxanthin,luteoxanthin and their (Z)-isomers were quantified using the curve of lutein; and‐zeinoxanthin using the curve of‐β‐cryptoxanthin
Summary
Carotenoids are responsible for the attractive yellow to red colors of pulp from most orange varieties. Most studies concerning orange carotenoids are carried out in the juice; carotenoids retained in the juice vesicle membrane can be lost during juice processing, especially when a filtration step is applied.[7] the analysis of the whole pulp, including juice vesicles, New Method for Carotenoid Extraction and Analysis by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS in Freeze-Dried Citrus and Mango Pulps J. Chloroform or acetone, or mixtures containing one of these solvents, are usually applied for carotenoid extraction from freeze-dried citrus pulp.[8,9,10,11,12] both acetone and chloroform should be avoided in citrus carotenoid analysis. Considering all the information above, the objective was to develop and validate a new fast methodology for extraction and quantitative analysis of carotenoids by highperformance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) of freeze-dried orange and mango pulps. Freeze-dried pulp was ground into powder using a domestic multiprocessor, homogenized, vacuum packaged (Jumbo Plus, Selovac, São Paulo, Brazil) in polyethylene bags and stored in dark at −80 °C for further analysis
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