Abstract
We report the first genetic characterization of wildtype measles viruses from Uganda. Thirty-six virus isolates from outbreaks in 6 districts were analyzed from 2000 to 2002. Analyses of sequences of the nucleoprotein (N) and hemagglutinin (H) genes showed that the Ugandan isolates were all closely related, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that these viruses were members of a unique group within clade D. Sequences of the Ugandan viruses were not closely related to any of the World Health Organization reference sequences representing the 22 currently recognized genotypes. The minimum nucleotide divergence between the Ugandan viruses and the most closely related reference strain, genotype D2, was 3.1% for the N gene and 2.6% for the H gene. Therefore, Ugandan viruses should be considered a new, proposed genotype (d10). This new sequence information will expand the utility of molecular epidemiologic techniques for describing measles transmission patterns in eastern Africa.
Highlights
We report the first genetic characterization of wildtype measles viruses from Uganda
The specimens were added onto B95a cells [10] that had been seeded into 25-cm2 tissue culture flasks and observed daily for characteristic cytopathic effect (CPE)
N:AY923185, H:AY923213) was chosen as the reference strain for d10 because it represents most isolates and grows to high titers in cell culture. This is the first report of the genetic characterization of wildtype measles from Uganda and the second that describes characterization of viruses from eastern Africa
Summary
We report the first genetic characterization of wildtype measles viruses from Uganda. A vaccine-preventable disease, it still accounts for ≈770,000 deaths annually worldwide, half of which occur in Africa [2] This virus is monotypic, but genetic variation in the hemagglutinin (H) and nucleoprotein (N) genes can be analyzed by molecular epidemiologic techniques to study transmission patterns. In October 2003, Uganda conducted a catch-up campaign for children 6 months to 15 years of age that reached ≈13.5 million children with measles vaccine, with a national coverage of 105% This campaign resulted in a decrease in reported measles cases to 3,522 from January to August 2004, compared with 28,072 in 2003 and 33,633 in 2002 in the same period, with no deaths among confirmed measles cases as of August 2004. Case-based measles surveillance was established in 2003, and by August 2004, >80% of districts were investigating measles cases according to the guidelines
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