New insights into mechanistic photoisomerization of ethylene-bridged azobenzene from ab initio multiple spawning simulation.

Abstract

Ethylene-bridged azobenzene (br-AB) has aroused broad interests due to its unique photoswitching properties. Numerous dynamical simulations have been performed for the br-AB photoisomerization, which focused mainly on the conformational effect and the funnel role of minimum-energy conical intersection (MECI) on the mechanism. In the present work, we use the "full quantum" ab initio multiple spawning method to simulate the br-AB photoisomerization, which provides new insights into the mechanism. Upon irradiation of br-AB to the first excited singlet state (S1), most of the excess energies are trapped in the azo-moiety. Since the intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution is slower than the S1 relaxation processes, the nonadiabatic transition from S1 to the ground state (S0) occurs in the vicinity of high-energy crossing seam and even the largest probabilities of the S1 → S0 transition are not distributed in the MECI regions. Once decaying to the S0 state through the high-energy region, the subsequent isomerization and re-formation of the initial isomer are ultrafast processes in the S0 state. It is the nonergodic behavior of the S1 and S0 dynamics that is mainly responsible for the unique photoswitching properties of the ethylene-bridged azobenzene, which will be discussed in detail.