New insights into Maxwell’s equations based on new experimental discoveries

Abstract

No theory is absolute as scientific exploration is the product of human ingenuity, which will continue to evolve with the development of new discoveries and technology.It has been established that the electric field is produced by friction, and the changing electric field can be then generated by constant friction. After the friction stops, this electrostatic field will exist for a designated period of time or even longer. Accordingly, a series of experiments were designed to test the proposed Collision Electro–Magnetic Theory (CEMT) that the electromagnetic energy can be generated by the collision. The 1-W bulb can be lighted by collecting the changing electric field energy when a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) board was rubbed with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film by hand. When a closed coil was placed in the changing electric field, an induced current and an induced electromotive force were generated in the coil, which also magnetized the scissors in the coil. The 1-W bulb can produce a current by the generated changing electric field, when one end of the plastic rods was rubbed by fur.In addition, we discovered that shaking the plastic rod with an electrostatic field generated by the friction can also generate a changing electric field, which not only wirelessly lighted the 28-W fluorescent tube lamp, but also produced an induced current and an induced electromotive force in the closed coil nearby the lamp.Based on the above experiments, we have the following speculation: just as the unified theory of electromagnetism suggests, the changing electric field produces a magnetic field, and the varying magnetic field produces an electric field. Stated plainly, the electric field is in fact a magnetic field and the magnetic field is also an electric field, so they can be both be regarded as energy fields in essence. The coil and conductor can be regarded as the energy collector that can collect energy from the energy field, as long as there is a constantly changing energy field in the collector. The conduction current is transmitted in the collector, while part of the energy field that is not collected in free space, which corresponds to the displacement current calculated in the fourth equation of Maxwell's equations.The essence of Maxwell's equations and related laws are two different phenomena resulting from an energy field in the closed-loop self-circulating state or open-loop acyclic state. The first equation describes an open-loop static energy field, and the second equation describes a closed-loop static energy field. The third equation describes how the induced conduction current can be generated in the closed-loop energy field, and the fourth equation describes how the induced conduction current can be generated in the open-loop energy field.Based on the new experimental discoveries, this work interprets Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, Maxwell's displacement current and Maxwell's equations from a new perspective, which is important to understand the nature of Maxwell's equations systematically.