Abstract
Food allergy is an increasing problem worldwide, with strict avoidance being classically the only available reliable treatment. The main objective of this review is to cover the latest information about the tools available for the diagnosis and treatment of food allergies. In recent years, many efforts have been made to better understand the humoral and cellular mechanisms involved in food allergy and to improve the strategies for diagnosis and treatment. This review illustrates IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity and provides a current description of the diagnostic strategies and advances in different treatments. Specific immunotherapy, including different routes of administration and new therapeutic approaches, such as hypoallergens and nanoparticles, are discussed in detail. Other treatments, such as biologics and microbiota, are also described. Therefore, we conclude that although important efforts have been made in improving therapies for food allergies, including innovative approaches mainly focusing on efficacy and safety, there is an urgent need to develop a set of basic and clinical results to help in the diagnosis and treatment of food allergies.
Highlights
Food allergy (FA) is a pathological reaction of the immune system triggered by the ingestion of a food protein antigen
FA is defined as an adverse immune reaction to innocuous ingested food proteins or food allergens, which can be mediated by IgE, non-IgE mediated, and mixed [18]
The most important single “test” for diagnosing an FA is clinical history. This must be reviewed in the context of the clinical manifestations that must be compatible with an allergic reaction, the onset of the appearance of symptoms, the risk factors associated with the patient, the epidemiology of the FA, and keeping in mind disorders with similar clinical manifestations that might be misconstrued
Summary
Food allergy (FA) is a pathological reaction of the immune system triggered by the ingestion of a food protein antigen. Oral food challenge (OFC) is the only test available to confirm the diagnosis All these diagnostic approaches could help develop specific treatments in which the relevant allergens causing the reaction should be included. This review is relevant because it broadens the knowledge of approaches for a precise diagnosis, for FA management, and for the different alternatives for treatment of FA in both children and adults. This information collects the reduction in the symptoms associated with food allergies and the modulation of the immunological response caused by different therapeutic approaches
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