Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Therapeutic treatments for breast cancer generally include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrinotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. With the development of molecular biology, immunology and pharmacogenomics, immunotherapy becomes a promising new field in breast cancer therapies. In this review, we discussed recent progress in breast cancer immunotherapy, including cancer vaccines, bispecific antibodies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Several additional immunotherapy modalities in early stages of development are also highlighted. It is believed that these new immunotherapeutic strategies will ultimately change the current status of breast cancer therapies.
Highlights
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and major cause of cancer death among women in less developed countries, with 882,900 cases diagnosed and 324,300 deaths in 2012, accounting for 25% of cancer cases and 15% of cancer deaths among females [1]
The results showed no association between treatment efficacy and total counts or percentage of CD4/CD8 T-cells, but was associated with increased ICOS+ T-cells, which likely signals immune activation secondary to Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) inhibitor
A clinical study reported a significant difference in expression of cytoplasmic CD40 between breast cancer subtypes, and cytoplasmic expression of CD40 is related to a better prognosis [85], which suggest that CD40 may have potential as a new prognostic factor in breast cancer
Summary
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and major cause of cancer death among women in less developed countries, with 882,900 cases diagnosed and 324,300 deaths in 2012, accounting for 25% of cancer cases and 15% of cancer deaths among females [1]. There is a tremendous body of evidence detailing the importance of cytokines in T-cell differentiation and fate determination [12,13,14,15] Stimulatory molecules, such as CD40, OX40 and 4-1BB, are important in programming the flavor and longevity of T-cells responses necessary for the T-cells unique contribution to the inflammatory environment, including their cytolytic functionality and cytokine production that support neighboring. The ultimate fate of the tumor cells includes either complete eradication or evolution of tumor cell variants that escape the immune surveillance and establish measurable tumors These variants include loss of the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I protein, inhibition in antigen processing and presentation pathways, mutation or loss of tumor antigens, deficiency in T-cell receptor (TCR).
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