Abstract

The multiplihedra $\mathcal{M}_{\bullet} = (\mathcal{M}_n)_{n \geq 1}$ form a family of polytopes originating in the study of higher categories and homotopy theory. While the multiplihedra may be unfamiliar to the algebraic combinatorics community, it is nestled between two families of polytopes that certainly are not: the permutahedra $\mathfrak{S}_{\bullet}$ and associahedra $\mathcal{Y}_{\bullet}$. The maps $\mathfrak{S}_{\bullet} \twoheadrightarrow \mathcal{M}_{\bullet} \twoheadrightarrow \mathcal{Y}_{\bullet}$ reveal several new Hopf structures on tree-like objects nestled between the Hopf algebras $\mathfrak{S}Sym$ and $\mathcal{Y}Sym$. We begin their study here, showing that $\mathcal{M}Sym$ is a module over $\mathfrak{S}Sym$ and a Hopf module over $\mathcal{Y}Sym$. An elegant description of the coinvariants for $\mathcal{M}Sym$ over $\mathcal{Y}Sym$ is uncovered via a change of basis-using Möbius inversion in posets built on the $1$-skeleta of $\mathcal{M}_{\bullet}$. Our analysis uses the notion of an $\textit{interval retract}$ that should be of independent interest in poset combinatorics. It also reveals new families of polytopes, and even a new factorization of a known projection from the associahedra to hypercubes. Les multiplièdres $\mathcal{M}_{\bullet} = (\mathcal{M}_n)_{n \geq 1}$ forment une famille de polytopes en provenant de l'étude des catégories supérieures et de la théorie de l'homotopie. Tandis que les multiplihèdres sont peu connus dans la communauté de la combinatoire algébrique, ils sont nichés entre deux familles des polytopes qui sont bien connus: les permutahèdres $\mathfrak{S}_{\bullet}$ et les associahèdres $\mathcal{Y}_{\bullet}$. Les morphismes $\mathfrak{S}_{\bullet} \twoheadrightarrow \mathcal{M}_{\bullet} \twoheadrightarrow \mathcal{Y}_{\bullet}$ dévoilent plusieurs nouvelles structures de Hopf sur les arbres binaires entre les algèbres de Hopf $\mathfrak{S}Sym$ et $\mathcal{Y}Sym$. Nous commençons son étude ici, en démontrant que $\mathcal{M}Sym$ est un module sur $\mathfrak{S}Sym$ et un module de Hopf sur $\mathcal{Y}Sym$. Une description élégante des coinvariants de $\mathcal{M}Sym$ sur $\mathcal{Y}Sym$ est trouvée par moyen d'une change de base―en utilisant une inversion de Möbius dans certains posets construits sur le $1$-squelette de $\mathcal{M}_{\bullet}$. Notre analyse utilise la notion d'$\textit{interval retract}$, qui devrait être intéressante par soi-même dans la théorie des ensembles partiellement ordonnés. Notre analyse donne lieu également à des nouvelles familles des polytopes, et même une nouvelle factorisation d'une projection connue des associahèdres aux hypercubes.

Highlights

  • In the past 30 years, there has been an explosion of interest in combinatorial Hopf algebras related to the classical ring of symmetric functions

  • A graded, commutative, noncocommutative Hopf algebra with basis indexed by compositions, it holds a special place in the world of combinatorial Hopf algebras [1]

  • We study in detail a family of planar binary trees that we call bi-leveled trees, which possess two types of internal nodes

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Summary

Introduction

In the past 30 years, there has been an explosion of interest in combinatorial Hopf algebras related to the classical ring of symmetric functions. A graded, commutative, noncocommutative Hopf algebra with basis indexed by compositions, it holds a special place in the world of combinatorial Hopf algebras [1] In this extended abstract, we study in detail a family of planar binary trees that we call bi-leveled trees, which possess two types of internal nodes (circled or not, subject to certain rules). The multiplihedra were given the structure of CW-complexes by Iwase and Mimura [10] and realized as polytopes later [8] They persist as important objects of study, among other reasons, because they catalog all possible ways to multiply objects in the domain and range of a function f , when both have nonassociative multiplication rules. Careful study of the interplay between the algebra and geometry will be carried out in future work

Ordered and planar binary trees
Bi-leveled trees and the multiplihedra
Dimension enumeration
The Hopf module MSym
The Hopf algebras SSym and YSym
Module and comodule structures
Main results
Towards a proof of the main result
Interval retracts
More families of binary trees and their polytopes
Full Text
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