New Geothermal Gradient Data Allows for Evaluating Applications in Albania and Kosova

Abstract

Abstract There is a growing interest in geothermal energy across various applications, including conventional geothermal, Enhanced Geothermal Systems, deep-loop systems, geopressured energy storage, geothermal brine extraction, and the re-utilization of abandoned oil and gas wells. This paper explores new horizons for geothermal applications, specifically assessing suitability for energy-deficient nations like Albania and Kosova. The study employs a joint case study approach, acknowledging the interconnected energy program shared by both countries. Geothermal energy has gained significant traction in addressing the need for low-carbon solutions, with nations increasingly leveraging their natural resources. Despite differing energy mixes, Albania and Kosovo have forged a mutually beneficial energy plan. With both countries facing energy addition challenges and an energy precarity rate of approximately 23-25%, geothermal applications emerge as potential for harnessing abundant, renewable sources. The study delves into novel aspects, including a first-time evaluation of a geothermal gradient in Albania at 7 km depths and an assessment of critical minerals like lithium, radium, and strontium in Kosovo's geothermal brine. The global shift towards sustainable energy sources is evident in many nations’ strategic reevaluation of conventional options, such as fossil fuels. Despite Albania's predominantly ‘green’ electricity production, with 94% hydropower, 3% fossil fuels, and 3% alternative renewables, the country seeks to stabilize its energy mix for self-sufficiency. In contrast, Kosovo heavily relies on lignite, constituting over 94% of its energy sources, with 6% from other resources. Despite efforts to diversify through investments in wind and solar, scaling up remains a challenge. This study addresses the gap by utilizing previously untapped data and presenting geothermal gradients that identify optimal geothermal applications. For instance, in Albania's Ardenice area, the highest maximum temperature of 113°C is identified, demonstrating the potential for geothermal energy to contribute significantly to the energy mix of both Albania and Kosova. This paper delves into the assessment of geothermal gradients for Albania, exploring suitable geothermal applications for its micro-economic industry rather than energy production. In contrast, critical mineral assessments for Kosovo will be conducted on geothermal brines from the Vardar and Dukagjin basins. These analyses highlight the necessity for tailored technical expertise due to diverse geo- mechanical and operational challenges across regions and applications, paving the way for informed decision-making and sustainable utilization of geothermal resources.