Abstract
Topical advances in studying molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for regeneration in the peripheral nervous system have highlighted the ability of the nervous system to repair itself. Still, serious injuries represent a challenge for the morphological and functional regeneration of peripheral nerves, calling for new treatment strategies that maximize nerve regeneration and recovery. This review presents the canonical view of the basic mechanisms of nerve regeneration and novel data on the role of exosomes and their transferred microRNAs in intracellular communication, regulation of axonal growth, Schwann cell migration and proliferation, and stromal cell functioning. An integrated comprehensive understanding of the current mechanistic underpinnings will open the venue for developing new clinical strategies to ensure full regeneration in the peripheral nervous system.
Highlights
Sci. 2021, 22, 13380. https://doi.org/The peripheral nervous system (PNS) exhibits a limited capacity for functional and morphological repair and regeneration
This review aims to augment the classical view on the basic mechanisms of nerve regeneration with the recent experimental data on exosome-transferred microRNAs contributing to axonal growth and Schwann cell functioning
Exosomes are proastrocytes, macrophages, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and they duced by a diversity of cells such as neurons, Schwann cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, can impact a variety of functions, such as survival and maturation astrocytes, macrophages, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and they can impact a Mounting evidence points to a putative role of exosomes, secreted by Schwann cells, variety of functions, such as survival and maturation [59]
Summary
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) exhibits a limited capacity for functional and morphological repair and regeneration. Peripheral nerve recovery is a multistep process with a complex molecular and cellular regulatory circuitry. Severe injury of peripheral nerves often results in a loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions of innervated organs and tissues, calling for novel treatment strategies to ensure effective regeneration. This review aims to augment the classical view on the basic mechanisms of nerve regeneration with the recent experimental data on exosome-transferred microRNAs contributing to axonal growth and Schwann cell functioning. We overview the role of neurotrophins, guidance receptors, extracellular matrix, and adhesion proteins as well as immune system contribution to nerve regeneration. The recently emerging data expand the well-known players in nerve regeneration, opening new avenues in tackling this problem efficiently. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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