Abstract
Background:Ferulic Acid (FA) is a phenolic compound that exhibits a wide range of therapeutic effects majorly due to its antioxidant property. There have beenrecent efforts to maximize the therapeutic value of FA by way of structural modification of FA to form FA derivatives in order to enhancephysicochemical, antioxidant and therapeutic prospects.Objective:In this work, we synthesized, characterized and evaluated new ferulic derivatives [ferulic phthalate and maleate] for their potential to protectagainst CCl4-induced liver injury in Wistar rats.Methods:Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into groups and given oral administration of CCl4 only, or in combination with either ferulic phthalate ormaleate and thereafter, some biochemical parameters (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and malondialdehyde)and antioxidant indices (superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione) were determined.Results:Exposure to CCl4 altered liver biochemical indices in particular plasma alanine transaminase activities, in a manner reminiscent of liver injury.However, ferulic acid, as well as the ferulic derivatives significantly (p<0.05), improved rat liver indices. Also, ferulic derivatives improved(p<0.05) the rat antioxidant status compared with the group given CCl4 only. Furthermore, ferulic acid and ferulic maleate significantly (p<0.05)ameliorated rat lipid peroxidation caused by CCl4. Histological studies revealed mild infiltration caused by CCl4 but this cellular distortion wasabated and improved in rats administered with ferulic acid, ferulic phthalate as well as ferulic maleate.Conclusion:These findings do not only support the antioxidant as well as the therapeutic potentials of ferulic phthalate and maleate but also the medicinal valueand prospects of phenolic compounds for therapeutic purposes.
Highlights
IntroductionThe nucleophilic groups on the benzene ring (3-methoxy and more importantly, 4- hydroxyl) of Ferulic Acid (FA) give the additional property of terminating free radical chain reactions
Ferulic Acid (FA) is a phenolic compound that exhibits a wide range of therapeutic effects majorly due to its antioxidant property
There have been recent efforts to maximize the therapeutic value of FA by way of structural modification of FA to form FA derivatives in order to enhance physicochemical, antioxidant and therapeutic prospects
Summary
The nucleophilic groups on the benzene ring (3-methoxy and more importantly, 4- hydroxyl) of FA give the additional property of terminating free radical chain reactions Another functional group in the FA, i.e. the carboxylic acid group with an adjacent unsaturated C-C double bond can provide additional attack sites for free radicals and prevent them from attacking the membrane. There have been increasing efforts to maximize the therapeutic benefits of FA Among such efforts is the structural modification of FA to form FA derivatives with enhanced physicochemical and antioxidant properties [7 - 9]. FA methyl esters have been shown to be highly lipophilic possessing greater antioxidant activity than the parent compound FA [20, 21] Isoferulic acid is another derivative of FA which has been implicated for antidiabetic potential [22, 23]. There have been recent efforts to maximize the therapeutic value of FA by way of structural modification of FA to form FA derivatives in order to enhance physicochemical, antioxidant and therapeutic prospects
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