New Equations to Evaluate Lateral Displacement Caused by Liquefaction Using the Response Surface Method

Nima Pirhadi,Qing Yang,Xiaowei Tang

doi:10.3390/jmse7020035

Nima Pirhadi, Qing Yang + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7020035

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Abstract

Few empirical and semi-empirical approaches have considered the influence of the geology, tectonic source, causative fault type, and frequency content of earthquake motion on lateral displacement caused by liquefaction (DH). This paper aims to address this gap in the literature by adding an earthquake parameter of the standardized cumulative absolute velocity (CAV5) to the original dataset for analyzing. Furthermore, the complex influence of fine content in the liquefiable layer (F15) is analyzed by deriving two different equations: the first one is for the whole range of parameters, and the second one is for a limited range of F15 values under 28% in order to the F15’s critical value presented in literature. The new response surface method (RSM) approach is applied on the basis of the artificial neural network (ANN) model to develop two new equations. Moreover, to illustrate the capability and efficiency of the developed models, the results of the RSM models are examined by comparing them with an additional three available models using data from the Chi-Chi earthquake sites that were not used for developing the models in this study. In conclusion, the RSM provides a capable tool to evaluate the liquefaction phenomenon, and the results fully justify the complex effect of different values of F15.

Highlights

When, during earthquake motion, pore water pressure rises because of applied dynamic loads, the loose saturated sand layer that is relatively close to the ground surface is liquefied
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Summary

Introduction

When, during earthquake motion, pore water pressure rises because of applied dynamic loads, the loose saturated sand layer that is relatively close to the ground surface is liquefied. Lateral displacement can be significantly damaging for piles, piers, and pipe lines during and for a short time after earthquakes and causes more damage to structures and infrastructures than any other type of liquefaction-induced ground failure. In this phenomenon, the large blocks of soil move towards the free face or along the slope. Researchers have developed several different models and approaches to predict the DH caused by liquefaction for some decades. Analytical approaches have been developed, for example, minimum potential energy [7] and the sliding block model [8,9,10,11,12]

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