Abstract
Skin cancer is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Skin overexposure to ultraviolet irradiations, chemicals, and several viruses has a capability to cause severe skin-related disorders including immunosuppression and skin cancer. These factors act in sequence at various steps of skin carcinogenesis via initiation, promotion, and/or progression. These days cancer chemoprevention is recognized as the most hopeful and novel approach to prevent, inhibit, or reverse the processes of carcinogenesis by intervention with natural products. Phytochemicals have antioxidant, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and carcinogen detoxification capabilities thereby considered as efficient chemopreventive agents. Considerable efforts have been done to identify the phytochemicals which may possibly act on one or several molecular targets that modulate cellular processes such as inflammation, immunity, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. Till date several phytochemicals in the light of chemoprevention have been studied by using suitable skin carcinogenic in vitro and in vivo models and proven as beneficial for prevention of skin cancer. This revision presents a comprehensive knowledge and the main molecular mechanisms of actions of various phytochemicals in the chemoprevention of skin cancer.
Highlights
Skin cancer is currently the most common type of human cancer worldwide
Long-term exposure to sunlight is the main cause of it. (ii) Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of skin cancer. It is treated when found early, but in a small percentage of cases this cancer has metastasis potential. Both basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma are together known as nonmelanoma type of skin cancer. (iii) Melanoma is responsible for 75% of all skin cancer-related deaths [3] despite the fact that it accounts for less than 5% of all skin cancer cases
Among major viral agents (i) human papilloma virus (HPV) which is linked to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin and its role in nonmelanoma skin cancer of immune competent hosts is not yet proved; (ii) Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpes virus which has wide repertoire of genes that regulate angiogenesis, inflammation, and cell cycle through which it initiates carcinogenesis; and (iii) human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) which majorly causes adult T-cell leukemia are common for skin cancer
Summary
In the United States, the annual incidence rate of skin cancer is increasing each year, representing a growing public concern [1] It has been anticipated from the current records that nearly half of all Americans are susceptible to develop skin cancer at least once up to the age of 65. (ii) Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of skin cancer It is treated when found early, but in a small percentage of cases this cancer has metastasis potential. Both basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma are together known as nonmelanoma type of skin cancer. (iv) Kaposi’s sarcoma, a more slow-growing form of skin cancer, occurs in elderly men of Italian or Jewish ancestry and is caused by a Herpes family virus. It is an aggressive AIDSrelated form affects about one third of patients with AIDS
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