Abstract
The largest source of ammonia (NH3) emissions to the atmosphere is NH3 from agriculture, the majority of which arise from livestock manure. The NH3 emitted is a threat to human health through the formation of fine particles, causes eutrophication of natural ecosystems and is a loss of fertiliser nitrogen (N). The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTP) and the European Union National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) sets limits for national NH3 emissions and require the reporting of annual emission inventories to demonstrate compliance. The EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook provides emission factors (EFs) to support inventory compilation. Here we report the development of revised NH3 EFs for livestock housing, manure storage, field-applied manure and excreta deposited during grazing. Data from 276 studies were used with more than 70% of these data from peer reviewed journals, the remaining being from conference proceedings and scientific reports. For most sources, the new EFs are the weighted means of the emissions reported. The empirical ALFAM model was used to develop EFs for field-applied slurry. The standard deviation of the EFs were substantial, due to the breadth of the categories of livestock and management systems and because of variations in manure management and climate. The data collected will be available at http://www.alfam.dk
Highlights
Ammonia (NH3) emissions from livestock manure and mineral fertilizers constitute a large loss of reactive nitrogen (N) (Amann et al, 2013)
Most of the studies of emission from buildings used in this study are published in peer reviewed papers (Table 4), while reports make up a large fraction of the data on emissions from stored and applied slurry
The estimated emission factors (EFs) for dairy cows, fatteners, fatteners, and sows and piglets are similar to the factors in the current Guidebook (European Environment Agency, 2016)
Summary
Ammonia (NH3) emissions from livestock manure and mineral fertilizers constitute a large loss of reactive nitrogen (N) (Amann et al, 2013). Agriculture is the largest source of NH3 in the atmosphere (Sailesh et al, 2013) and global agricultural NH3 emissions increased by 90% between 1970 and 2005. The NH3 emitted is a threat to human health, because it reacts with acidic compounds in the atmosphere (Walker et al, 2006), forming fine particles (PM2.5) that cause lung diseases (Wang et al, 2017). Emissions of NH3 from livestock manure account for a large but very variable proportion of the plant-available N in the manure, from a few percent to 100% of TAN (e.g., Hafner et al, 2018, 2019). The loss of fertilizer N due to NH3 emissions may significantly reduce N
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