Abstract
Simple SummaryIn early-stage (cT1-2N0) oral cancer, occult lymph node metastases are present in 20–30% of patients. Accordingly, accurate staging of the clinically negative cervical nodal basin is warranted in these patients. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has proven to reliably stage the clinically negative cervical nodal basin in early-stage oral cancer. However, due to the limited resolution of conventional sentinel lymph node imaging, occult lymph node metastasis may be missed in particular circumstances. Therefore, technical developments are necessary to bring the diagnostic accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy, in early-stage oral cancer, to a higher level. This review evaluates novel sentinel lymph node imaging techniques for early-stage oral cancer, such as MR lymphography, CT lymphography, PET lymphoscintigraphy and contrast-enhanced lymphosonography. Their reported diagnostic accuracy is described and their relative merits, disadvantages and potential applications are outlined.Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a diagnostic staging procedure that aims to identify the first draining lymph node(s) from the primary tumor, the sentinel lymph nodes (SLN), as their histopathological status reflects the histopathological status of the rest of the nodal basin. The routine SLNB procedure consists of peritumoral injections with a technetium-99m [99mTc]-labelled radiotracer followed by lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT-CT imaging. Based on these imaging results, the identified SLNs are marked for surgical extirpation and are subjected to histopathological assessment. The routine SLNB procedure has proven to reliably stage the clinically negative neck in early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, an infamous limitation arises in situations where SLNs are located in close vicinity of the tracer injection site. In these cases, the hotspot of the injection site can hide adjacent SLNs and hamper the discrimination between tracer injection site and SLNs (shine-through phenomenon). Therefore, technical developments are needed to bring the diagnostic accuracy of SLNB for early-stage OSCC to a higher level. This review evaluates novel SLNB imaging techniques for early-stage OSCC: MR lymphography, CT lymphography, PET lymphoscintigraphy and contrast-enhanced lymphosonography. Furthermore, their reported diagnostic accuracy is described and their relative merits, disadvantages and potential applications are outlined.
Highlights
The concept of Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is based on the premise that lymph flow from the primary tumor travels sequentially to the sentinel lymph node (SLN) and on to the other regional lymph nodes
The SLNB procedure aims to identify these first draining lymph node(s), as their histopathological status reflects the histopathological status of the rest of the nodal basin
This review evaluates new developments in preoperative SLN imaging techniques for early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC): Magnetic resonance (MR) lymphography, computed tomography (CT) lymphography, positron emission tomography (PET) lymphoscintigraphy and contrast-enhanced lymphosonography
Summary
As watchful-waiting in these patients has been associated with a poor prognosis, especially when compared to those in whom the clinically negative neck was electively treated [1], two strategies for the clinically negative neck in early-stage OSCC are available: elective neck dissection (END) and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) [3,4,5,6]. END is the strategy of choice in the majority of medical centers globally [5], which has the benefit of being a single-stage procedure, SLNB is a less invasive procedure for the 70–80% of patients without metastatic neck involvement and has overall lower morbidity rates, better quality-of-life and lower health-care costs as compared to END [7,8,9,10]. Complementary nodal treatment (e.g., surgery, radiotherapy) should be performed in case of metastatic involvement of SLN(s)
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