Abstract
A short bipolar pressure pulse with ‘pancake’ directivity is produced and propagated when an Ultra-High Energy (UHE) neutrino interacts with a nucleus in water. Nowadays, several acoustic sensors are deployed in deep sea trying to detect the phenomena as first step to build a neutrino telescope. In order to study its feasibility, it is critical to have a calibrator able to mimic the neutrino ‘signature’. In previous works we developed a first compact array calibrator prototype that validated the possibility of using the acoustic parametric technique for this aim, but due to limitations in terms of power efficiency, transducer properties and electronics matching, the application was not fully fulfilled. In this paper, we describe a new proposed design of a compact calibrator composed of an array of piezo ceramic tube transducers emitting in axial direction, and new specific electronics adapted to the transducers to feed it more efficiently. The array is operated at high-frequency and, by means of the parametric effect, the emission of the low-frequency acoustic bipolar pulse is generated permitting to mimic the UHE neutrino acoustic pulse with the required power. All the design processes involved and the results are presented: ceramic characterization, signal processing, simulations, tests, etc.
Highlights
Ultra High Energy (UHE) neutrinos have become of high interest for the study of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays sources and to test fundamental physics due to the advantages of being stable and having weak interaction with matter
Acoustic detection of UHE neutrinos is based on the thermo-acoustic effect [1]
The feasibility of the acoustic detection neutrino technique is currently under study [2,3] and could be implemented in a new optical-based deep-sea neutrino telescope under construction, the KM3NeT telescope [4] which will have a volume of several cubic kilometres, . and the acoustic detection as a possible and promising technique to cover the detection of Ultra High Energy (UHE) neutrinos, being possible to combine these two neutrino detection techniques for a hybrid underwater neutrino telescopes, especially considering that the optical neutrino detection technique needs acoustic sensors as well for monitoring the position of the optical sensors [5,6]
Summary
Ultra High Energy (UHE) neutrinos have become of high interest for the study of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays sources and to test fundamental physics due to the advantages of being stable and having weak interaction with matter. Optical Cherenkov light, radio or acoustic wave techniques have been proposed to detect the neutrino induced energy deposition in water, ice or salt. The energy deposition arisen when a neutrino interacts with nuclei in water is constituted in a volume of a few centimetres in radius and several meters in length. This phenomenon induces a local heating in a very short period of time leading to a short pressure pulse signal with bipolar shape and very directive pattern (pancake). The feasibility of the acoustic detection neutrino technique is currently under study [2,3] and could be implemented in a new optical-based deep-sea neutrino telescope under construction, the KM3NeT telescope [4] which will have a volume of several cubic kilometres, . The emission of the low-frequency acoustic bipolar pulse is generated by parametric emission at high-frequency
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