Abstract
Thirteen (Z)-2-(substituted benzylidene)benzimidazothiazolone analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase. Among the compounds synthesized, compounds 1–3 showed greater inhibitory activity than kojic acid (IC50 = 18.27 ± 0.89 μM); IC50 = 3.70 ± 0.51 μM for 1; IC50 = 3.05 ± 0.95 μM for 2; and IC50 = 5.00 ± 0.38 μM for 3, and found to be competitive tyrosinase inhibitors. In silico molecular docking simulations demonstrated that compounds 1–3 could bind to the catalytic sites of tyrosinase. Compounds 1–3 inhibited melanin production and cellular tyrosinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Notably, compound 2 dose-dependently scavenged ROS in B16F10 cells. Furthermore, compound 2 downregulated the protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, which led to a reduction in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression, and decreased tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1), and TRP2 expression, resulting in anti-melanogenesis activity. Hence, compound 2 may serve as an anti-melanogenic agent against hyperpigmentation diseases.
Highlights
IntroductionTyrosinase (polyphenol oxidase, EC 1.14.18.1), a binuclear copper-containing monooxygenase, is a critical rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme involved in melanogenesis, the process of melanin synthesis in the skin
To determine whether benzimidazothiazolone with a (Z)-β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold plays an important role in tyrosinase inhibition, 13 derivatives were synthesized
The effects of compound 2 on the expression of mRNA melanogenic factors were evaluated in α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)- and IBMX-induced B16F10 cells
Summary
Tyrosinase (polyphenol oxidase, EC 1.14.18.1), a binuclear copper-containing monooxygenase, is a critical rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme involved in melanogenesis, the process of melanin synthesis in the skin. Melanogenesis is initiated by the hydroxylation of tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA), which is catalyzed by tyrosinase. Tyrosinase is the key factor involved in inducing dermatological disorders, including age spots, freckles, and melasma. Commercial tyrosinase inhibitors, such as hydroquinone, arbutin [3], kojic acid [4], ellagic acid [5], and tranexamic acid, have been used as skin-whitening agents; they are associated with certain side effects, including carcinogenicity, chemical instability, and poor bioavailability [6,7]. There is a need to develop safe skin-whitening agents in order to overcome the limitations of established products
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