Abstract
Plant cells undergo massive orderly changes in structure, biochemistry, and gene expression during cell senescence. These changes cannot be distinguished from the hydrolysis/degradation function controlled by the ubiquitination pathway, autophagy, and various hydrolases in cells. In this mini-review, we summarized current research progress that the human HECT (homologous to the E6AP carboxyl terminus)-type ubiquitin E3 ligases have non-redundant functions in regulating specific signaling pathways, involved in a number of human diseases, especially aging-related diseases, through the influence of DNA repair, protein stability, and removal efficiency of damaged proteins or organelles. We further compared HECT E3 ligases’ structure and functions between plant and mammalian cells, and speculated new aspects acting as degrading signals and regulating signals of HECT E3 ligase in cell senescence and the cell death of plants.
Highlights
Cell senescence is the final step of organ development, which is a specific form of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants
The ubiquitination of Rpn10, a subunit of 19S in Arabidopsis and the other ‘receptors’ for Ub chains [69], is reduced [38]. This phenomenon suggests that UPL3 may modify the proteasome subunits to regulate its activation, and functions as E4s to mediate the form of polyubiquitination, like the mammalian Homologous to the E6AP Carboxyl Terminus (HECT) E3 ligases (E3s) Ube3c/Hul5
HECT E3s have a conservative C-terminal HECT domain combined with various domains, which determine the pattern of HECT E3s’substrate recruitment and their catalytic activity, resulting in multiple roles in cell senescence of mammalian and plants
Summary
Cell senescence is the final step of organ development, which is a specific form of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. Besides the damage of the chloroplast, the other organelles have a great alteration at the molecular level and structural level All of these occur 30% at the transcriptional regulation level and 25% at the macromolecule degradation level in Arabidopsis leaf senescence [2,3]. Compared with human HECT E3s, Arabidopsis thaliana HECT E3s family has only seven members, which have been divided into five subfamilies, and all of them have their own counterparts (that have the same ancestors, and a similar N-terminal domain) in human HECT E3s [8,9] In this case, we summarize research progress of human HECT E3s in the multiple-physiologically procedure of mammalian cells, including their physiological functions. We speculate the new aspects working as a degrading signal and a regulating signal of HECT E3 ligase in cell senescence and cell death of plants
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