New Approaches to Vaccinology Made Possible by Advances in Next Generation Sequencing, Bioinformatics and Protein modeling.

Amelia R Woolums,Cypriana Swiderski

doi:10.21775/cimb.042.605

Amelia R Woolums, Cypriana Swiderski

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.042.605

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Abstract

Vaccines can be powerful tools, but for some diseases, safe and effective vaccines have been elusive. New developments in nucleic acid sequencing, bioinformatics, and protein modeling are facilitating the discovery of previously unknown antigens through reverse vaccinology approaches. Sequencing the complementarity- determining region of antibodies and T cell receptors allows detailed assessment of the immune repertoire and identification of paratopes shared by many individuals, supporting the selection of antigens that may be broadly protective. Systems vaccinology approaches to asses the global host response to vaccination by evaluation of differentially expressed genes in blood, cellular or tissue transcriptomes can reveal previously unknown pathways and interactions related to protective immunity. While it is important to remember that discoveries made through reverse vaccinology and systems vaccinology must still be confirmed with traditional challenge models and clinical trials, these approaches can provide new perspectives that may help solve longstanding problems in veterinary vaccinology.

Highlights

At its best, vaccination has substantial beneficial impact
In Silico Prediction of B-cell Receptor/Antibody Epitopes The large number of candidate protein antigens identified by reverse vaccinology presents a significant bottleneck in the screening of these antigens to determine their immunogenicity
In silico co-modeling of CD4+T-cell receptor and Major Histocompatibility (MHC) II sequences from human patients with latent tuberculosis, who were vaccinated with M. tuberculosis peptides, identified vaccine epitopes that triggered CD4+ T-cell responses (Dash et al, 2017)

Summary

Introduction

Vaccination has substantial beneficial impact. The history of vaccination includes notable successes, such as the eradication of smallpox in humans and rinderpest in cattle (Greenwood, 2014). Antigen-specific sequences of B-cell and T-cell receptors (ie paratopes) derived from individuals with protective immune responses are being characterized to identify their complementary antigenic epitopes.

Results

Conclusion