Abstract
The present study was aimed at evaluating the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanol extract from Vernonia condensata leaves in animal models, in order to afford a better understanding of these properties. The extract reduced the number of abdominal contortions at doses of 100 (51.00 ± 3.00), 200 (42.00 ± 2.98) and 400 mg/kg (39.00 ± 4.00). In formalin tests, a significant reduction in the licking time (p < 0.01) was observed in the first phase by 25.14 (200 mg/kg = 51.50 ± 4.44) and 31.15% (400 mg/kg = 48.00 ± 4.37). The doses of 100 (43.37 ± 5.15), 200 (34.62 ± 4.16) and 400 mg/kg (28.37 ± 3.98) inhibited (p < 0.001) the second phase. After 60 and 90 min of treatment, a dose of 400 mg/kg (10.13 ± 0.39 and 11.14 ± 1.33, respectively) increased the latency time. Doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg potentiated the sleeping time induced by diazepam, pentobarbital and meprobamate. The extracts (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) showed anti-inflammatory effects by a decrease in paw edema. The extracts also reduced the exudate volume at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. The leukocyte migration had significant effect (p < 0.001) at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. The completion of additional experiments in the investigation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of V. condensata allowed a better understanding of the central and peripheral mechanisms involved.
Highlights
Pain is considered to be one of the most important symptoms associated with inflammatory diseases [1,2] and affects a large portion of the population, diminishing their quality of life [3,4]
The phytochemical screening results of the ethanol extract from V. condensata leaves showed the presence of different types of active constituents such as flavonoids, terpenoids, sterols, coumarins, tannins, saponins and volatile oils
At the doses administered per oral route (p.o.), the ethanol extract from V. condensata leaves was not toxic to animals, presenting LD50 up to 3 g/kg
Summary
Pain is considered to be one of the most important symptoms associated with inflammatory diseases [1,2] and affects a large portion of the population, diminishing their quality of life [3,4]. Anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities of V. condensata, as well as toxicity have been investigated [18,19,20,21] In these studies, vernonioside B2 demonstrated antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect [20]. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities from V. condensata have been described, new essential investigations have been encouraged in order to confirm these evidences and to establish the involved mechanisms by methods not yet applied. In this sense, in the present study we investigated the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and sedative properties of the ethanol extract from V. condensata leaves, using appropriate experimental animal models
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