New Approach in Translational Medicine: Effects of Electrolyzed Reduced Water (ERW) on NF-κB/iNOS Pathway in U937 Cell Line under Altered Redox State.

Sara Franceschelli,Alessio Ferrone,Lorenza Speranza,Maria De Lutiis,Antonia Patruno,Mario Felaco,Mirko Pesce,Daniela Gatta,Fausto Croce,Alfredo Grilli

doi:10.3390/ijms17091461

Sara Franceschelli, Alessio Ferrone + Show 8 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091461

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Abstract

It is known that increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can exert harmful effects, altering the cellular redox state. Electrolyzed Reduced Water (ERW) produced near the cathode during water electrolysis exhibits high pH, high concentration of dissolved hydrogen and an extremely negative redox potential. Several findings indicate that ERW had the ability of a scavenger free radical, which results from hydrogen molecules with a high reducing ability and may participate in the redox regulation of cellular function. We investigated the effect of ERW on H2O2-induced U937 damage by evaluating the modulation of redox cellular state. Western blotting and spectrophotometrical analysis showed that ERW inhibited oxidative stress by restoring the antioxidant capacity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Consequently, ERW restores the ability of the glutathione reductase to supply the cell of an important endogenous antioxidant, such as GSH, reversing the inhibitory effect of H2O2 on redox balance of U937 cells. Therefore, this means a reduction of cytotoxicity induced by peroxynitrite via a downregulation of the NF-κB/iNOS pathway and could be used as an antioxidant for preventive and therapeutic application. In conclusion, ERW can protect the cellular redox balance, reducing the risk of several diseases with altered cellular homeostasis such as inflammation.

Highlights

Oxidative stress is a phenomenon which results from the particular condition of balance between oxidative and reductive processes that continually occur in every cell in the complex biochemical transformations of the physiological metabolism [1]
The lower Eh value signifies the high reducibility of Electrolyzed Reduced Water (ERW) due to the dissolved hydrogen gas produced by the electrochemical reaction in the cathode [21]
It can be seen that the main effect of electrolysis is a substantial reduction in the rH2 value of ERW with respect to tap water

Summary

Introduction

Oxidative stress is a phenomenon which results from the particular condition of balance between oxidative and reductive processes that continually occur in every cell in the complex biochemical transformations of the physiological metabolism [1]. The free radical is very unstable, extremely reactive and has a short half-life; it reacts with nearby molecules [3]. These molecules become electrically unstable, triggering a series of chain reactions, which amplify the phenomenon and the number of free radicals produced, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) with production of superoxide (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) [4]. When the O2− formation and NO synthesis were stimulated to a greater rate, NO was quantitatively converted to peroxynitrite These last RNS may cause cellular toxicity by nitrative protein modification. The cells counteract the oxidative stress through antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR), which detoxify ROS, converting them into less reactive species [11]

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