Abstract
The most important aetiological agent of opportunistic mycoses worldwide is Candida spp. These yeasts can cause severe infections in the host, which may be fatal. Isolates of Candida albicans occur with greater frequency and variable resistance patterns. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been recognised as an alternative treatment to kill pathogenic microorganisms. PDT utilises a photosensitizer, which is activated at a specific wavelength and oxygen concentration. Their reaction yields reactive oxygen species that kill the infectious microorganism. A systematic review of new applications of PDT in the management of candidiasis was performed. Of the 222 studies selected for in-depth screening, 84 were included in this study. All the studies reported the antifungal effectiveness, toxicity and dosimetry of treatment with antimicrobial PDT (aPDT) with different photosensitizers against Candida spp. The manuscripts that are discussed reveal the breadth of the new applications of aPDT against Candida spp., which are resistant to common antifungals. aPDT has superior performance compared to conventional antifungal therapies. With further studies, aPDT should prove valuable in daily clinical practice.
Highlights
The findings demonstrated that the use of biogenic gold nanoparticles can inactivate viable C. albicans cells growing as floating and adherent cultures, with especially pronounced efficacy when used in combination with rose bengal
The results indicated that survival from candidiasis of the larvae infected with a lethal dose of fungi was prolonged by the laser treatment and antimicrobial PDT (aPDT)
The results demonstrated that Photodynamic therapy (PDT) performed with erythrosine and rose bengal with light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation was effective in eliminating C. albicans
Summary
The colonisation of different tissues by Candida spp. may lead to an infection facilitated by the endogenous proliferation of the microorganism Consequences of these pathologies can range from benign localised candidiasis to lethal systemic invasions. The high phenotypic biodiversity of Candida spp. and alteration of the host’s immune system underlie the variable behaviour of this opportunistic pathogen [1] and can result in novel and amplified invasive properties. In this infectious process, multiple factors interact with the individual to condition the intensity of the virulence of Candida spp. These factors include adherence to epithelial and endothelial cells, production of hydrolytic enzymes
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