New 40Ar/39Ar, unspiked K/Ar and geochemical constraints on the Pleistocene magmatism of the Samtskhe-Javakheti highlands (Republic of Georgia)

Abstract

The Samtskhe-Javakheti volcanic plateau (Republic of Georgia) is the northernmost and youngest expression of the magmatism following the Arabia-Eurasia collision. Here, we present whole rock elemental and twenty-one new unspiked K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages for the volcanic sequence well exposed east of the plateau. Based on our new radio-isotopic ages, we have identified three magmatic episodes. The oldest one (2.84–1.08 Ma), corresponding to the “Javakheti plateau s.s.”, is mainly constituted of medium-K alkaline mafic lavas (basalt, basaltic trachyandesite) and of intermediate composition domes (dacite). The more recent volcanic activity has constructed an impressive N–S trending volcanic ridge (Samsari s.s.) composed of evolved rocks (medium-K dacite to rhyolite). Within this ridge, two main periods of activity could be depicted: Middle Pleistocene (439–189 ka) and Late Pleistocene (90–13 ka). The youngest activity is restricted to the northern edge of this prominent magmatic structure and linked to the Tavkvetili volcano activity. According to these young ages, this area can be considered as a potential zone of volcanic hazards. The oldest volcanic activity shaping the Javakheti plateau is distributed between major strike slip faults in pull-apart position. The emplacement of the volcanism is controlled by a localized upper crustal extension. This is particularly outlined by the N–S linear array of domes that constitutes the Samsari ridge. This volcanic structure emplaced indeed on top of two major N–S faults that have probably played a key role to control the Middle to Late Pleistocene volcanism. The new 40Ar/39Ar ages date between 2.32 and 1.54 Ma the fauna assemblage of the Tsalka paleontological site. Rocks from the Samtskhe-Javakheti volcanic plateau derived from a low degree of melting of a metasomatized lithospheric mantle source (spinel facies). Except the obsidians from the Chickiani dome, they all derived from this source and evolved following a crystallization sequence involving mainly clinopyroxene, garnet, and/or amphibole. A crustal contamination component modified the composition of the youngest products (Samsari ridge rocks). According to the geochemical signature of these rocks, it seems that the magmatism does not fit with models involving asthenospheric upwelling in this region.