Abstract
Neutrophils are the primary innate immune cells, and serve as sentinels for invading pathogens. To this end, neutrophils exert their effector functions via phagocytosis, degranulation, reactive oxygen species generation, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release. Pathogens and pathogen-derived components trigger NET formation, leading to the clearance of pathogens. However, NET formation is also induced by non-related pathogen proteins, such as cytokines and immune complexes. In this regard, NET formation can be induced under both non-sterile and sterile conditions. NETs are enriched by components with potent cytotoxic and inflammatory properties, thereby occasionally damaging tissues and cells and dysregulating immune homeostasis. Research has uncovered the involvement of NETs in the pathogenesis of several connective tissue diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and ANCA-associated vasculitis. In dermatology, several skin diseases clinically develop local or systemic sterile pustules and abscesses. The involvement of neutrophils and subsequent NET formation has recently been elucidated in these skin diseases. Therefore, this review highlights the NETs in these neutrophil-associated diseases.
Highlights
Neutrophils are the first line of defense against invading pathogens
Neutrophil-associated dermatological diseases are clinically categorized into four groups: erythema without visible pustules tological diseases are clinically categorized into four groups: erythema without visible (psoriasis pustules; erythema with visible pustules (GPP, IH, APP, AGEP, and SPD); neutrophilic dermatoses with ulcers and scars (PG and Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)); tender and indurated erythema
Neutrophil-associated dermatological diseases are clinically categorized into four groups: erythema without visible pustules; erythema with visible pustules (GPP, IH, APP, AGEP, and SPD); neutrophilic dermatoses with ulcers and scars (PG and HS); and tender and indurated erythema (BD and Sweet’s syndrome) (Figure 1)
Summary
Neutrophils are the first line of defense against invading pathogens. They exert effector functions via phagocytosis, degranulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release. NET release is triggered by various physiological stimuli, such as pathogens, pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules, cytokines, immune complexes, cholesterol, and microcrystals in vivo. Pathogen clearance by neutrophil-derived NET is vital for living beings, including humans and even plants. Neutrophils could release NETs even in the absence of pathogens. There are various neutrophil-associated skin diseases, including neutrophilic dermatosis and pustular dermatosis. This review sought to update the involvement of NET in the pathomechanisms of dermatological neutrophil-associated diseases
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