Abstract
It is now widely recognized that neutrophils are sophisticated cells that are critical to host defense and the maintenance of homeostasis. In addition, concepts such as neutrophil plasticity are helping to define the range of phenotypic profiles available to cells in this group and the physiological conditions that contribute to their differentiation. Herein, we discuss key features of the life of a teleost neutrophil including their development, migration to an inflammatory site, and contributions to pathogen killing and the control of acute inflammation. The potent anti-microbial mechanisms elicited by these cells in bony fish are a testament to their long-standing evolutionary contributions in host defense. In addition, recent insights into their active roles in the control of inflammation prior to induction of apoptosis highlight their importance to the maintenance of host integrity in these early vertebrates. Overall, our goal is to summarize recent progress in our understanding of this cell type in teleost fish, and to provide evolutionary context for the contributions of this hematopoietic lineage in host defense and an efficient return to homeostasis following injury or infection.
Highlights
Teleost neutrophils are terminally-differentiated leukocytes that have evolved to protect the animal host and mount early and potent antimicrobial responses against invading pathogens
This mechanism appears to be conserved in the higher vertebrates, where a specific subset of human neutrophils (CD54high/CXCR1low) represent long-lived neutrophils that have migrated though an endothelial monolayer and re-emerged via reverse transmigration [56]
The first indication of a respiratory burst was described in mammalian leukocytes in 1933 by Baldridge and Gerard, when it was noted that phagocytosis was associated with increased oxygen consumption [68]
Summary
Teleost neutrophils are terminally-differentiated leukocytes that have evolved to protect the animal host and mount early and potent antimicrobial responses against invading pathogens. They are typically the first leukocytes recruited to an inflammatory site [1] and are capable of eliminating pathogens through multiple complementary mechanisms. In this review we highlight recent advances in our understanding of teleost fish neutrophils, and discuss their functional and regulatory roles during the induction and resolution of inflammation. Along with other reviews in this special issue, we hope to highlight exciting new advances in our understanding of teleost immune mechanisms
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