Abstract
In this work, we interpret the 3-3-1-1 model when the B-L and 3-3-1 breaking scales behave simultaneously as the inflation scale. This setup not only realizes the previously achieved consequences of inflation and leptogenesis, but also provides new insights in superheavy dark matter and neutrino masses. We argue that the 3-3-1-1 model can incorporate a scalar sextet, which induces both small masses for the neutrinos via a combined type I and II seesaw and large masses for the new neutral fermions. Additionally, all the new particles have large masses in the inflation scale. The lightest particle among the W-particles that have abnormal (i.e., wrong) B-L number in comparison to those of the standard model particles may be superheavy dark matter as it is stabilized by W-parity. The dark matter candidate may be a Majorana fermion, a neutral scalar, or a neutral gauge boson, which was properly created in the early universe due to gravitational effects on the vacuum or thermal production after cosmic inflation.
Highlights
Alternative to the popular proposals of grand unification, extra dimensions, and supersymmetry [1], a simple extension of the gauge symmetry to SU (3)C ⊗ SU (3)L ⊗ U (1)X ⊗ U (1)N (3-3-1-1) might address numerous questions [2,3,4,5,6]
The dark matter candidates naturally appear as W -particles that possess abnormal B − L number, which transform nontrivially and are stabilized under W -parity—a remnant of the gauge symmetry unbroken by the vacuum
We have shown that the 3-3-1-1 model can work under the three distinct regimes of the energy scale, characterized by the vacuum expectation values (VEVs) as κ ∼ mν, (u, v) ∼ mW,Z, and (w, ) ∼ minflaton
Summary
Such a large size for the 33-1 breaking scale is made available by the implement of a scalar sextet This new scalar sextet will couple to ψLψL, which provides small masses for the neutrinos via a type II seesaw mechanism, in addition to the type I one. In contradiction to the previous proposals, the new neutral fermion masses are naturally large as given at tree level via the vacuum value of the scalar sextet, without necessarily acquiring either their sterile counterparts NL or the effective operators. Let us recall that in the previous work [2,3,4,5], the SU (3)L symmetry breaking is at the TeV scale, which provides the dark matter candidates as thermal relics, limited below some hundreds of TeV.
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