Abstract

Random genetic drift describes the stochastic fluctuations of allele frequencies due to random sampling in finite populations. Over time, genetic drift can lead to fixation or loss of genetic variants, thereby systematically eliminating diversity from a population. This trend is counterbalanced by mutations that continuously produce new variants. A number of powerful frameworks, such as coalescence theory, have been developed to study how these processes interact in shaping patterns of genetic diversity in populations. Random genetic drift and mutation also lie at the foundation of Kimura's neutral theory of evolution, which constitutes the standard null model of molecular population genetics.

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