Neutral Mechanical Alignment Alters the Native Distal Femoral Joint Line: A Virtual Three-Dimensional Planning Total Knee Arthroplasty Study

Abstract

BackgroundAlternative alignment concepts have garnered great interest in an effort to improve patient satisfaction following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study is to determine variation or deviation from an individual’s native joint line in primary TKA using neutral mechanical versus a restricted kinematic technique. MethodsAn institutional review board–approved prospective cohort study was performed evaluating the effect of neutral mechanical alignment (nMA) versus a restricted kinematic alignment (rKA) on the native joint line in 100 consecutive patients undergoing primary TKA. Using preoperative computed tomography and intraoperative 3-dimensional software, 2 virtual preoperative plans were created: nMA and rKA. Templated bone resections were recorded. Change in joint line was calculated using known implant planar thickness and planned bone resection. ResultsnMA yielded significantly greater deviation from the patient’s native joint line along the lateral compartment of the knee (lateral distal femoral condyle, lateral posterior femoral condyle, lateral tibial resection). With nMA, the lateral distal femoral joint line was distalized by a mean 4.3 versus 2.6 mm using rKA technique (P < .001). In rKA, >60% of knees had <3 mm of deviation from the native lateral posterior femoral offset, whereas in nMA, >95% of knees had ≥3 mm change in the lateral posterior femoral condylar offset. ConclusionnMA-TKA resulted in statistically larger joint line deviations compared to rKA-TKA, most notably along the lateral distal femoral condyle joint line. Further analysis is needed to determine the clinical consequences of joint line deviation from the native anatomy using nMA as the target for primary TKA.