Neuroradiological changes in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Presentation of 3 cases and literature update

Abstract

Introduction: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is thought to be caused by structural and functional abnormalities in the frontal-striatal circuitry of the brain. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, caudate, pallidum, corpus callosum, and cerebellum all have significantly smaller volumes in children with ADHD. According to recent reports, other cortical and cerebellar regions generally suffer impairment. Case Series: Multiple nodes of dysfunction at the frontostriatal and mesocorticolimbic networks in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been identified through functional neuroimaging studies. We present a group of three ADHD patients and review the clinical findings and potential connections to neuroimaging tests. DISCUSSION: Adults with ADHD have different brain volume patterns in the areas of the brain responsible for attention and executive function. Conclusion: Among other neuroradiological findings, the ADHD patients in the current study showed changes in the frontal and prefrontal cortex, thickening of the corpus callosum, and elevated levels of glutamine and glutamate in the cerebellum. New studies are required to understand better the clinical finding with potential neuroanatomical and functional changes. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, brain, and neuroimage are keywords.