Abstract
Arsenic, a poisonous metalloid, is ubiquitous in the environment, and affects nearly all organ systems of animals including humans. The present study was conducted to understand the protective role of quercetin, a natural flavonoid on arsenic-induced oxidative damage in rat brain. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats, aged between 7 to 8 weeks and weighing 150-200 g were divided into four groups viz. normal control, arsenic treated, quercetin treated and arsenic + quercetin treated. Rats in normal control group were given normal food and drinking water. Rats in arsenic treated group were given arsenic daily in the form of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) in drinking water at a dose of 100 mg/l. Rats in the quercetin treated group were given quercetin, dissolved in distilled water, orally everyday through intubation gavage at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Rats in the combined arsenic + quercetin treated group were given arsenic and quercetin in a similar manner as was given to rats belonging to arsenic and quercetin treated group. After 2 months of treatment, antioxidant defense status and changes in the brain histo-architecture were assessed. A significant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation and a decrease in reduced glutathione levels were observed in the brain of arsenic treated rats, when compared to the normal controls. Further, decrease in the activities of antioxidant defense enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase and glutathione reductase, as well as the activity of enzyme nitric oxide synthase were detected in arsenic treated group, which however were restored to normal levels upon simultaneous treatment with quercetin. Brain tissue of arsenic treated rats, also showed changes at the histo-architectural level which were normalized on simultaneous treatment with quercetin. The study, therefore, reveals that quercetin shall prove to be beneficial in containing the neuro-toxic effects of arsenic.
Highlights
Human exposure to arsenic is primarily a result of inhalation of metal particles in air, ingestion of contaminated food and through drinking water
Arsenic treatment for a total duration of two months significantly increased (p ≤ 0.01) the levels lipid peroxidation (LPO) in cerebellum as compared to normal control groups (Table 1)
When arsenic treated rats were cotreated with quercetin, the MDA levels were observed to be within the normal range
Summary
Human exposure to arsenic is primarily a result of inhalation of metal particles in air, ingestion of contaminated food and through drinking water. Intake of inorganic arsenic over a long duration can lead to chronic arsenic poisoning (arsenicosis). It is known that inorganic arsenic has toxic effects at both high and low levels of exposure. Chronic exposure to arsenic-contaminated water and food can have adverse effects on various organs that may lead to development of cancer in skin, liver, lung and bladder [1,2,3,4,5]. As reported in earlier studies, arsenic is known to cause generation of free radicals, like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), as well as metabolic intermediates like dimethyl arsenic (DMA) peroxy radical [6,7,8,9,10,11]
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