Abstract
There is growing attention on natural substances capable of stimulating the cholinergic system and of exerting antioxidant effects, as potential therapeutic agents in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aim of the present study is to evaluate the expected neuroprotective mechanisms of myrtenal (M) in an experimental model of dementia in rats. Dementia was induced in male Wistar rats by scopolamine (Sc) administration (0.1 mg/kg for 8 days and 20.0 mg/kg on day 9). The animals were divided into 5 groups (1) Controls; (2) Sc; (3) Sc + Myrtenal (40 mg/kg), (4) Sc + Galantamine (1 mg/kg); (5) Sc + Lipoic acid (30 mg/kg). Changes in recognition memory and habituation were evaluated via the Novel Object Recognition and Open Field tests. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, ACh levels, and changes in oxidative status of the brain were measured biochemically. The histological changes in two brain regions—cortex and hippocampus, were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. Myrtenal improved recognition memory and habituation, exerted antioxidant effects and significantly increased ACh brain levels. Histologically, the neuroprotective capacity of myrtenal was also confirmed. For the first time, we have demonstrated the neuroprotective potential of myrtenal in an experimental model of dementia. Our study provides proof-of-concept for the testing of myrtenal, in association with standard of care treatments, in patients affected by cognitive decline.
Highlights
The effects of myrtenal and two reference compounds, Gal and lipoic acid (LA), on the recognition memory state were assessed by calculating the discrimination index (DI) (Figure 1)
For the first time, we have investigated the neuroprotective effects of Myrtenal in an experimental model of dementia
We have shown a positive effect of myrtenal on impaired memory in rats with an experimental model of dementia
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia worldwide. The main features of AD are cholinergic dysfunction and increased oxidative stress, with progressive loss of neuronal structures, associated with accumulation of abnormal proteins [1], mitochondrial dysfunction [2], and excitotoxicity [3]. Antioxidant agents may represent a successful approach in the prevention and treatment of AD [9]. Some terpenoids, such as ginsenosides, ginkgolides, cannabinoids, and oleanolic and ursolic acid, exert potential effects on neurodegenerative disorders, including AD, affecting the activity of acetylcholinesterase, reducing Aβ-aggregation and oxidative stress, etc. Some terpenoids, such as ginsenosides, ginkgolides, cannabinoids, and oleanolic and ursolic acid, exert potential effects on neurodegenerative disorders, including AD, affecting the activity of acetylcholinesterase, reducing Aβ-aggregation and oxidative stress, etc. [10]
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