Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cardamom oil (CO) has been reported to have acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, antioxidant and anti-anxiety effects. Hence, we studied the effect of cardamom oil in aluminum chloride induced neurotoxicity in rats. AD like symptoms were induced in Wistar rats with aluminum chloride (100 mg/kg, p.o.). Cardamom oil was administered concomitantly by oral route at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg for 42 days. Behavioral parameters like Morris water maze, elevated plus maze, passive avoidance test and locomotor activity were evaluated on day 21 and 42. AChE activity, oxidative stress parameters, histopathological studies and immunohistochemistry studies were carried out in hippocampus and cortex. Cardamom oil treatment showed significant improvement in behavioral parameters, inhibition of AChE activity (p < 0.001) and reduction in oxidative stress in the brain. Histopathological studies of hippocampus and cortex by hematoxylin & eosin (H. & E.) and congo red stain showed inhibition of neuronal damage and amyloid β plaque formation with cardamom oil treatment. Immunohistochemistry showed, CO treatment inhibited amyloid β expression and upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The present study showed that, cardamom oil has neuroprotective effect in aluminum chloride induced neurotoxicity linked with inhibition of AChE activity and reduction in oxidative damage. This effect of cardamom oil may be useful in management of Alzheimer's disease.
Highlights
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-associated progressive neurodegenerative disorder
Morris Water Maze In the Morris water maze test, the aluminum chloride treated group showed a significant increase in escape latency when compared with normal control group
Cardamom oil treatment at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly prevented the increase in escape latency produced by aluminum chloride treatment on day 42 (p < 0.001) when compared with disease control group
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-associated progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Cardamom Oil and Alzheimer’s Disease activation of AChE enzyme which is involved in the pathogenesis of AD [5]. In Alzheimer’s disease, the increased activity of the AChE leads to the breakdown of the ACh that causes depletion of acetylcholine level, resulting into impaired cholinergic functions in the brain [6]. BDNF plays an important role in neurogenesis, neuronal plasticity, neuronal survival, serves as a neurotransmitter modulator and is widely expressed in the brain [10] It participates in Long Term Potentiation (LTP), an essential process involved in learning and memory [11]. The major phytoconstituent of cardamom oil, 1,8 cineole showed AChE inhibitory activity [32] Based on this background, the present study was designed to explore the neuroprotective effect of cardamom oil in aluminum chloride induced oxidative damage and cognitive impairments in rats
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