Neuropathology of distinct diaphragm areas following mid-cervical spinal cord contusion in the rat

Abstract

BACKGROUNDThe diaphragm is innervated by phrenic motoneurons distributed from the third to fifth cervical spinal cord. The rostral to caudal phrenic motoneuron pool segmentally innervates the ventral, medial, and dorsal diaphragm. PURPOSEThe present study was designed to investigate the physiological and transcriptomic mechanism of neuropathology of distinct diaphragm areas following mid-cervical spinal cord injury. STUDY DESIGNIn vivo animal study. METHODSElectromyograms and transcriptome of the ventral, medial, and dorsal diaphragm were examined in rats that received cervical laminectomy or mid-cervical spinal cord contusion in the acute (ie, 1–3 days) or subchronic (ie, ∼14 days) injury stages. RESULTSMid-cervical spinal cord contusion significantly attenuated the inspiratory bursting amplitude of the dorsal diaphragm but not the ventral or medial diaphragm. Moreover, the discharge onset of the dorsal diaphragm was significantly delayed compared with that of the ventral and medial diaphragm in contused rats. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a robust change in gene expression in the ventral diaphragm compared with that in the dorsal diaphragm. Specifically, enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes demonstrated that the cell cycle and immune response were significantly upregulated, whereas several metabolic pathways were downregulated, in the ventral diaphragm of acutely contused rats. However, no significant Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway was altered in the dorsal diaphragm. CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that mid-cervical spinal cord injury has different impacts on the physiological and transcriptomic responses of distinct diaphragm areas. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEFuture therapeutic strategies can consider applying different therapies to distinct diaphragm areas following cervical spinal cord injury. Additionally, confirmation of activities across different diaphragm areas may provide a critical reference for the placement of diaphragmatic pacing electrodes.