Abstract
ObjectiveSaffold virus (SAFV), a picornavirus, is occasionally detected in children with acute flaccid paralysis, meningitis, and cerebellitis; however, the neuropathogenicity of SAFV remains undetermined.MethodsThe virulence of two clinical isolates of SAFV type 3 (SAFV-3) obtained from a patient with aseptic meningitis (AM strain) and acute upper respiratory inflammation (UR strain) was analyzed in neonatal and young mice utilizing virological, pathological, and immunological methods.ResultsThe polyproteins of the strains differed in eight amino acids. Both clinical isolates were infective, exhibited neurotropism, and were mildly neurovirulent in neonatal ddY mice. Both strains pathologically infected neural progenitor cells and glial cells, but not large neurons, with the UR strain also infecting epithelial cells. UR infection resulted in longer inflammation in the brain and spinal cord because of demyelination, while the AM strain showed more infectivity in the cerebellum in neonatal ddY mice. Additionally, young BALB/c mice seroconverted following mucosal inoculation with the UR, but not the AM, strain.ConclusionsBoth SAFV-3 isolates had neurotropism and mild neurovirulence but showed different cell tropisms in both neonatal and young mouse models. This animal model has the potential to recapitulate the potential neuropathogenicity of SAFV-3.
Highlights
Saffold virus (SAFV) is a cardiovirus belonging to the family Picornaviridae
Young BALB/c mice seroconverted following mucosal inoculation with the upper respiratory (UR), but not the aseptic meningitis (AM), strain. Both SAFV type 3 (SAFV-3) isolates had neurotropism and mild neurovirulence but showed different cell tropisms in both neonatal and young mouse models. This animal model has the potential to recapitulate the potential neuropathogenicity of SAFV-3
The results showed that both clinical isolates of SAFV-3 infected neural progenitor cells and glial cells, but not large neurons, and that both were mildly neurovirulent in mice; the clinical isolates showed different cell tropism and neurovirulence
Summary
Saffold virus (SAFV) is a cardiovirus belonging to the family Picornaviridae. The zoonotic Encephalomyocarditis virus (which belongs to the genus Cardiovirus) is infectious in primates, including humans, but causes only occasional and mild outbreaks [7,8,9,10,11,12]. SAFV was primarily detected in fecal and throat swab specimens from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis or acute upper respiratory symptoms [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. The prevalence of SAFV in other mammals, including rodents, is still uncertain
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