Abstract
Opioids remain a mainstay of therapy for chronic neuropathic pain, despite significant abuse potential. There is some question regarding the impact of chronic pain on the abuse liability of opioids, and it is difficult to separate opioid use for pain relief from use for other subjective effects. Rats will respond on a lever to produce electrical stimulation of limbic structures, and this intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure has been used to assess the effects of drugs on limbic function.
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