Abstract
The nervous system is essential for normal physiological function of all systems within the human body. Unfortunately the nervous system has a limited capacity for self-repair and there are a plethora of disorders, diseases, and types of trauma that affect the central and peripheral nervous systems; however, current treatment modalities are unable to remedy them. Stem cell therapy using easily accessible mesenchymal stem cells, such as those found in the adipose stroma, has come to the fore in a number of biomedical disciplines as a potential therapeutic regime. In addition to substantial research already having been conducted on thein vitrodifferentiation of stem cells for the treatment of neurological repair, numerous strategies for the induction and culture of stem cells into terminal neural lineages have also been developed. However, none of these strategies have yet been able to produce a fully functional descendent suitable for use in stem cell therapy. Due to the positive effects that low level laser irradiation has shown in stem cell studies to date, we propose that it could enhance the processes involved in the differentiation of adipose derived stem cells into neuronal lineages.
Highlights
Stem cells are defined as cells that have the ability to perpetuate themselves through self-renewal and to generate mature, differentiated cells of a particular tissue
Due to the ability of some multipotent “mesenchymal” stem cells (MSCs) derived from one germ layer to differentiate into cells from another germ layer, it is thought that some multipotent stem cells may be pluripotent
It is known that adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) exhibit the properties of multipotent stem cells, and their role in tissue engineering is invaluable
Summary
Stem cells are defined as cells that have the ability to perpetuate themselves through self-renewal and to generate mature, differentiated cells of a particular tissue. Multipotent stem cells are able to differentiate into different cell types but usually only to cell types that are derived from the same embryonic germ layer [5]. It is possible to reprogramme normal “unipotent” somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells, through the introduction of four genes into the somatic cells These cells have been termed induced pluripotent stem cells and have many of the same characteristics of embryonic stem cells [13, 14]. Neural stem cells have been identified in the adult brain [18], their capacity and ability to functionally replace and repair damaged or diseased tissue in all parts of the brain and nervous system are limited [19]. With the use of mesenchymal stem cells, offers a more feasible option in seeking a treatment modality for neuronal replacement and repair
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