Neuron-specific gene NSG1 binds to and positively regulates sortilin ectodomain shedding via a metalloproteinase-dependent mechanism

Abstract

Increasing evidence suggests that aberrant regulation of sortilin ectodomain shedding can contribute to amyloid-β pathology and frontotemporal dementia, although the mechanism by which this occurs has not been elucidated. Here we probed for novel binding partners of sortilin using multiple and complementary approaches and identified two proteins of the neuron-specific gene (NSG) family, NSG1 and NSG2, that physically interact and colocalize with sortilin. We show both NSG1 and NSG2 induce subcellular redistribution of sortilin to NSG1- and NSG2-enriched compartments. However, using cell surface biotinylation we found only NSG1 reduced sortilin cell surface expression, which caused significant reductions in uptake of progranulin (PGRN), a molecular determinant for frontotemporal dementia. In contrast, we demonstrate NSG2 has no effect on sortilin cell surface abundance or PGRN uptake, suggesting specificity for NSG1 in the regulation of sortilin cell surface expression. Using metalloproteinase inhibitors and A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) knockout cells, we further show that NSG1-dependent reduction of cell surface sortilin occurred via proteolytic processing by ADAM10 with a concomitant increase in shedding of sortilin ectodomain to the extracellular space. This represents a novel regulatory mechanism for sortilin ectodomain shedding that is regulated in a neuron-specific manner. Furthermore, this finding has implications for the development of strategies for brain-specific regulation of sortilin and possibly sortilin-driven pathologies.