Neuron Growth on Nanodiamond

Abstract

Neurons are one of the most environmentally demanding cell types to grow on artificial substrates. As a result, neuronal biomaterials must meet a large list of specifications in order to provide a nurturing environment for neuronal cultures. Such specifications are set out as to mimic the host environment of neurons and, in this context, nanodiamond monolayers are excellent substrates for neuronal culture. Their tissue-equivalent bulk constitution of carbon, their organic surface functionality yet inert chemistry and their nanoscale topography all contribute to nanodiamond's remarkable ability to support the formation of functional neuronal networks, even without the otherwise pre-requisite process of protein coating substrates prior to neuronal seeding. In this chapter we discuss the remarkable ability of nanodiamond monolayers to support the formation of functional neuronal networks on a variety of surfaces. Thereafter, the mechanism of neuronal adhesion on nanodiamond is discussed with respect to the surface properties of different nanodiamond coating types. Finally, nanodiamond-directed patterning of neuronal networks is demonstrated. Nanodiamond coatings provide an excellent growth substrate on various materials for functional, patterned neuronal networks and bypass the necessity of protein coating substrates, which promises great potential for chronic medical implants and in vitro devices.