Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Relapses typically affect the optic nerves (uni/bilateral optic neuritis) and the spinal cord (myelitis). Disability often accrues with relapses and can occur early in the disease course. While there are many similarities with multiple sclerosis (MS), the identification of an antibody Aquaporin-4, with the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) as its main target antigen, has led to advances in the understanding of NMO as an independent disease. These antibodies have been shown to be a highly specific and sensitive serum biomarker for NMO. This article summarizes the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis and treatment of NMO.
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